Flood is a seasonal phenomenon which is natural in it hazardous implication and occurs when there is relative high flow over the banks of the streams as a combine consequence of high recorded data of hydro-climatic related variables in a given geographical area. Yola North LGA, of Adamawa state had experienced an unprecedented flood in the year 2012 over the past decade which might have been influenced by some hydro-climatic variables and caused devastating effects on lives, properties, farmland and buildings respectively. This study focused on the impact assessment of substantive hydro-climatic variables on 2012 flood event in Yola -North and its environs. The hydro-climatic variables data were obtained from Meteorological station at UBRBDA, Yola for a decade. The amount of rainfall experienced was found to be highest (1085.2mm) in the year 2012 than any other year under consideration (2008-2017) except that of 2016, number of rainy days was highest (81 days) in the year 2012. Similarly, in the month of August in the year 2012 evaporation rate was lowest with about 69 mm than any other month of August in the decade, the annual value of water discharge was highest in the year 2012 over the decade with about 6,340(m3/s), the gauge height was found to be highest with about 7.33 m in the year 2012 and the water level was highest in the month of June, July and September with the corresponding values of 3.37 m, 3.49 m and 6.58 m compared to similar months in the years of the decade respectively. These increased changes in some hydro-climatic data analyzed might be the fundamental natural factor that causes the unique flooding than any other factor in the year 2012 in the study area and over time posed negative impact on agricultural lands. Therefore, the study recommends the urgent need to carry out a comprehensive seasonal hydro-climatic data record simulation analysis and variations with a view of taking them as a recipe and strategies of forecasting and predicting the reoccurrence of such phenomenon. The additional meteorological station should be provided by the government agencies in all agricultural zones of the state for adequate and wide range of hydro-climatic data recording for appropriate prediction of weather indices in future.
Aim: This paper aimed to assess the effectiveness of fertilizer use among arable farmers in Yola South North-eastern part of Nigeria. Place and Duration of the Study: The study was conducted at Yola South LGA of Adamawa State, Nigeria during September, 2019-July, 2020. Methodology: Four (4) areas were selected in the area (Yolde pate, Bole, Mbamaba and Wuro-chekke) where 40 farmers were randomly selected from each farm location totaling to 160 farmers. The data obtained through administered questionnaires were analyzed using simple descriptive statistics and effectiveness Test Value (ETV) method respectively. Results: The result shows that soil type, vegetation cover and soil type were the most indicators of soil fertility among farmers in the area where most farmers used organic fertilizers than the inorganic or combined except at Wuor-chekke farm location. Broadcasting method of fertilizer application was found to be mostly adopted in the area. Similarly, Organic fertilizer was assessed to be highly effective (HE) in all the farm location except at Wuro-chekke while inorganic fertilizer was HE at Bole and the combine used of organic and inorganic fertilizers appeared HE except at Mbamba farm location. Moreover, broadcasting method was HE at Yolde pate and Wuro-chekke farm locations while band placing was HE at Bole and spot method found to be moderately effective (ME) except at Mbamba appeared not effective (NE) respectively. Conclusion: Intensive training to the farmers on modern strategies and techniques on fertilizer use through extension services should be conducted and timely provision of fertilizers to the target farmers should be considered by the relevant agencies in Yola area and the environment for the sustainable and profitable food production for the growing population.
Aim: To study the application of percent of normal precipitation method for meteorological drought intensity assessment and its impact on agricultural production. Place and Duration: The study was conducted in Yola South Local Government Area (LGA), of Adamawa Sate Nigeria during the year 2020. Methodology: Drought intensity was assessed using Percent of Normal Precipitation method (PNP) using forty (40) years of rainfall data (1987-2017) obtained from Upper Benue Development Authority, Yola (UBRBDA). In addition, data on the negative impact of drought intensity on agricultural production were obtained from the well defined and structured questionnaires administered randomly to the fifty (50) selected farmers in the area where simple descriptive statistic was used in the analysis of the sourced data. Results: It revealed that out of the forty years under study, the extremely wet condition was reoccurred in six years (15%), very wet season (5%), while moderately wet conditions had experienced in 14 years (35%) and normal condition was identified in 16 years (40%) respectively. Under dry conditions it was found that only moderately dry condition had ever occurred in 2 years (5%) only. For the drought impact on agricultural production most farmers (55 %) perceived that drought does not happen every year in the area. However, it occurs with seasonal variability mostly in the months July-August which last for 1-2 weeks as agreed by (55%) of the farmers. Majority of the farmers (60 %) in the area revealed that the level of the drought impact on agricultural production was high affecting crop yield (18%), drying of dams, reservoirs and lakes and outbreak of crops’ pest and diseases (12 %). In contrast other effects include soil degradation, loss of profit and capital, loss of employment opportunities, dead of livestock and starvation and drop in the water table and drying of soils with (6%) each of the respondents respectively. Similarly, the use of early matured crops (30%), Early planting (18%), Delay planting (16 %) and water harvesting ( 12 %) were adopted as mitigation strategies towards curtailing the negative impact of drought impact on their agricultural production in the area. Conclusion: The application of PNP method towards the assessment of drought intensity revealed important information of drought intensity which can serve as a valuable knowledge towards effective drought monitoring and proper agronomic mitigation strategies on its negative impact on agriculture in the area for optimum and profitable production. The application of another drought index is imperatively recommended for comparision and validation towards finding reliable information on drought in the area.
Aim: To empirically survey the damages caused by erosional deposition on farmlands along Jimeta-Yola road, Adamawa state Nigeria. Place and Duration of Study: It was conducted in June-July 2020 rainy season due to the unprecedented depositions on three farmlands (Abattoir, Garage and Yola Bridge) in the area. Methodology: Data was obtained in three phases which include on-farm interviews and questionnaires, direct measurement of depositions using simple bathymetric method and collection of three representative soil samples from the profiles for determination of some physico-chemical properties. Results: The result indicated that rice was major crop grown in the area for about 30 years with an average yield ranges from 2000-8000 kg (20-80 bags). The number of farmlands damaged was 11 with total of 22 acres, at Abattoir, 5 farmlands at Garage having a total of 15 acres and 7 farmlands were also damaged with about 10 acres respectively. Fine sandy soil was deposited to an average depth of 55 cm with an estimated volume of 48.96 m3 at Abattoir area, debris and clay loam was deposited to an average of 20 cm at Garage having an estimated of 12.14 m3 and at Yola Bridge farm location about 4.24 m3 volume of loamy soils were also deposited to an average depth of 10 cm. The depositional soils have pH values ranges from 5.23-6.23, organic matter content of 0.43-2.33%, water holding capacity 35-55% with rapid to moderate permeability. Conclusion: To combat the damaged imposed by soil erosions on farmlands in the area both preventive and conservative measures should adopted by the government and the farmers with the aim of restoring and sustaining the good soil health that will support food production for growing population.
Aim: To measure and estimate the annual variability of water loss at Njuwa Lake using Class ‘A’ Pan Evaporation Method. Place and Duration of Study: Njuwa Lake in Yola South LGA, Adamawa State Nigeria between November, 2019 and May, 2020. Methodology: Direct measurements of morphometric characteristics of the lake were adopted using simple bathymetric method. Evaporation rates data and other related weather variable for the periods of ten (2007-2016) years were obtained from Upper Benue River Basin Development Authority located near the lake where the volume of water in the lake and the annual water loss were estimated using FAO estimate of water requirement procedures. Results: The results revealed that Njuwa Lake has morphometric characteristics of 1, 325 m average length, 180m average width, average depth 3.4 m, 238, 500 m2 of surface area, 1,445 m shoreline length and 0.834 m shoreline development with an estimated water volume of 810, 900 m3 respectively. Similarly, highest Class ‘A’ Pan evaporation rates were found in the year 2011, 2007 and 2008 with the corresponding total annual values of 2688.06 mm, 2403.64 mm and 2389.63 mm having an estimated values of water lost from the lake of 641, 102.310 m3 (79.07%), 573, 268.140 m3(70.7%) and 569, 926.755 m3 (70.29 %) correspondingly. Conversely, the year 2013,2012 and 2014 were found with the lowest measured Pan evaporation rates (1585.00 mm, 1611.54 mm and 1663.27 mm) with an estimated water lost on the lake of about 378, 022.500 m3 (46.6 %), 384, 352.290 m3 (47.4 %) and 396, 689.895 m3 (48.9 %). Conclusion: The rate of water loss was through evaporation was estimated to be greater than the stored water in the Lake in most of the years under study which led to untimely drying of the lake thereby affecting the irrigation farming in the area. Valuable strategies of water use efficiency and irrigation scheduling for effective utilization of the limited stored water in the lake for sustainable food production should be therefore adopted. The research work, however, need further work to make a comparison between the class ‘A’ Pan method and other empirical models method to revalidate the reliability.
The study aimed to study the efficacious response of maize growth and soil changes to phosphorous and zinc application on chromic luvisols in North-eastern part of Nigeria conducted at Teaching and Research Farm of School of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology, Modibbo Adama University, Yola during 2018 and 2019 cropping seasons. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was used in the experiment to test the various levels of P and Zn applications on TZL composite white improved variety of maize. Four levels of phosphorus (0, 10, 20 and 30 kg Pha-1) and three levels of zinc (0, 5 and 10 Zn ha-1) were applied on experimental plots of 4.5m x 5m replicated three times. Data obtained on the growth parameters and soil properties were measured and analyzed using ANOVA statistical package. Result indicate that the soil was predominantly sandy loam, organic matter (mean =0.92 gkg-1), total N (mean = 0.35 gkg-1) Available phosphorous (mean = 8.6 mgkg-1) Zinc (mean = 7.25 mgkg-1) and exchangeable cations (means= Ca2+ =0.26 cmolkg-1, Mg2+ =0.27 cmolkg-1, K+ =1.83, Na+ =0.85 cmolkg-1) and CEC = 5.32 respectively. The effects of P and Zn did not show any significant difference on plants height in both years of experimentation except at harvest where main effect of P showed slightly taller plants at 30 kg Pha-1 level in 2018 (202.11 cm) and 2019 (206.11 cm). Generally the mean values of plant heights at various P levels are higher than that at the Zn levels. Similarly, there were no significant differences in the leaf area, however, highest mean values of 236.1 cm2 and 227.6 cm2 was observed at 30 kg Pha-1 and 10 kg Znha-1 in both 2018 and 2019 cropping years. while Leaf Area Index shows highest values of 2.98 cm2 and 2.54 cm2 observed at 30 kg Pha-1 and 10 kg Znha-1 and interaction effects was significant P = (0.05) in both years respectively. Available P in soil after the harvest of 2018 the available P was significantly affected. Highest mean values of P content were 13.14 mgkg-1 and 14.97 mgkg-1 in 2018 and 2019 with 30kg Pha-1. Also, there was significant difference in the main effect of the Zinc treatments on available Zn in the soil in 2019 where the highest mean value of 4.03 mgkg-1 was recorded at 0 kg Zn ha-1. Therefore, application of 30 kg P ha-1 and 10 kg Zn ha-1 as evidenced to maintain the soil nutrients and thus should be employed for sustainable maize production in the area.
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