Background: The semaphorin 3D (SEMA3D) gene has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Hirschsprung disease (HSCR), a complex genetic disorder characterized by the loss of ganglion cells in varying lengths of gastrointestinal tract. We wished to investigate the role of SEMA3D variants, both rare and common variants, as well as its mRNA expression in Indonesian HSCR patients. Methods: Sanger sequencing was performed in 54 HSCR patients to find a pathogenic variant in SEMA3D. Next, we determined SEMA3D expression in 18 HSCR patients and 13 anorectal malformation colons as controls by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Results: No rare variant was found in the SEMA3D gene, except one common variant in exon 17, p.Lys701Gln (rs7800072). The risk allele (C) frequency at rs7800072 among HSCR patients (23%) was similar to those reported for the 1,000 Genomes (27%) and ExAC (28%) East Asian ancestry controls (p = 0.49 and 0.41, respectively). A significant difference in SEMA3D expression was observed between groups (p = 0.04). Furthermore, qPCR revealed that SEMA3D expression was strongly up-regulated (5.5-fold) in the ganglionic colon of HSCR patients compared to control colon (C T 10.8 ± 2.1 vs. 13.3 ± 3.9; p = 0.025). Conclusions: We report the first study of aberrant SEMA3D expressions in HSCR patients and suggest further understanding into the contribution of aberrant SEMA3D expression in the development of HSCR. In addition, this study is the first comprehensive analysis of SEMA3D variants in the Asian ancestry.
AbstrakAlginat merupakan metabolit primer yang banyak dibutuhkan industri pangan maupun nonpangan. Metode ekstraksi alginat dari rumput laut berpengaruh pada viskositas dan rendemen yang dihasilkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh metode ekstraksi terhadap karakteristik dan kualitas natrium alginat Sargassum fluitans serta biaya ekstraksi yang diperlukan. Penelitian ini menggunakan dua metode ekstraksi yang berbeda yaitu metode ekstraksi asam dan kalsium. Parameter kualitas yang dilakukan pengujian meliputi rendemen, kadar air, kadar abu, viskositas, pH, derajat putih, dan analisis gugus fungsi, serta dilakukan pula analisis biaya ekstraksi. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa ekstraksi alginat S. fluitans metode asam menghasilkan natrium alginat dengan kualitas yang lebih baik dari metode kalsium namun mengeluarkan biaya yang lebih tinggi. Natrium alginat yang dihasilkan dengan metode asam memiliki nilai viskositas 127,17±11,50 cps dengan rendemen 9,95±0,31% serta kadar air dan kadar abu yang dihasilkan cukup rendah yaitu 9,35±0,31% dan 21,88±0,41%. Kata kunci: asam, kalsium, presipitasi, viskositas Effect of Extraction Methods on Characteristic of SodiumAlginate from Brown Seaweed Sargassum fluitansAbstract Alginate is a primary metabolite that is needed in food and non food industries. Alginate extraction method of seaweed affect on viscosity and yield of the alginate. This study aimed to determine the effect of extraction methods on characteristic and quality of sodium alginate Sargassum fluitans and the extraction cost needed. This study used two different extraction methods which wereacid alginate method and calcium alginate method. Quality parameters observed include yield, moisture content, ash content, viscosity, pH, whiteness index, and functional group analysis, also extraction cost analysis. The results showed that alginate extraction of S. fluitans by alginic acid method produced better sodium alginate quality than using calcium alginate method, but the cost higher. Sodium alginate produced by alginic acid method had high viscosity (127.17±11.50 cps) with yield 9.95±0.31%. The moisture and ash content of the product was low or 9.35±0.31% and 21.88±0.41%, respectively.
This research was aimed to measure actual evapotranspiration, to determine of water requirement and crop coefficient (Kc) of longan (Dimorcapus longan Lour.) was cultivated in Longan Nawungan orchard, Selopamioro Village, Imogiri Sub-district. Plot scale of water balance was applied to determine ETa, with input components were rainfall and irrigation, while output were ETa, water storage (ΔSM), and surface runoff (SRO). Components of runoff was measured using tank and the moisture content was measured using gravimetry method. Automatic weather station was installed in Nawungan orchard to record rainfall, wind speed, air humidity, and intensity of solar radiation. Later, the climatic data were used to calculate the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) using Penman-Monteith method. Due to agroforestry and mix cropping system, longan trees were cultivated among seasonal crops and other trees, then the dual crop coefficient (Kc) was preffered. During February-Maret 2019, the value of rainfall and surface runoff were 640 mm during observation period and 0,08 mm, respectively. The reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and actual evapotranspiration (ETa) were 5,76 mm/day and 7,90 mm/day, respectively. The crop coefficient of longan in the site study area was 0,30.
The aim of this study was to to measure actual evapotranspiration and to determine of water requirement and crop coefficient (Kc) of of soursop (Annona muricata L). The soursop was farmed at Nawungan orchard in Selopamioro village, Imogiri sub-district. Village monographs, 1: 25,000 scale Indonesian earth map and climate data were used to get the purpose of study. An Automatic Weather Station (AWS) was installed in Nawungan orchard to record rainfall, air relative humidity, wind velocity, solar radiation, as well as soil moisture every fifteen minutes. A set of surface runoff equipment was set in soursop farming land. Infiltration test was conducted in nine selected locations of soursop farming land and later, it was used to find soil percolation value. The purposive sampling method was adopted to assign the nine locations of infiltration test. The reference evapotranspiration (ET0) was calculated by the Penman-Monteith method. Later, water balance formula was applied to determine the actual plant water requirements (ETa) and plant coefficient value (Kc). This study proved the reference evapotranspiration (ET0) of the study area was 5.74 mm / day, the actual crop water requirement (ETa) of soursop was 7.98 mm / day. And Kc of soursop was 0.576.
Selopamioro village in Imogiri sub district, Bantul-D.I. Yogyakarta is located along southern mountains of Java. Nowadays, this village is developing agro-ecotourism through fruit-tree based agroforestry for improving household economy while keeping environment of hilly areas. The main objective of this study was to explore and evaluate physical characteristic of soil and infiltration capacity under Dimocarpus longan fruit-tree based agroforestry in Selopamioro village. Total area of Dimocarpus longan fruit-tree based agroforestry is 0,48 hectare with total 52 trees. The soil characteristics were focused on bulk density (ρb), particle density (ρs), porosity, textures, structure, soil moisture, content of organic material (COM), and lime content. The empirical models of infiltration, Kostiakov, was adopted to define soil infiltration capacity. The measurement of infiltration rate in the field was carried out by using Double-ring Infiltrometer method. The soil sampling and infiltration measurement were conducted in three different characteristics of slope, i.e., upper, middle, and lower slopes. The soils were taken from three points and two depth (0-40 cm and > 40 cm) per slope category, whereas the infiltration test was conducted solely in each points of slopes. A regression and correlations method were applied to evaluate the soil characteristics and infiltration capacity. The slope of upper, middle, and lower in Dimocarpus longan land were 30°, 17°, and 39° respectively. The Dimocarpus longan fruit-tree based agroforestry in middle slope was mixed with rainfed rice, the lower was nuts, while the upper slope was dominated by weeds. The soil was characterized as clay, sub angular blocky structure, bulk density (ρb) 1,26-1,46 gr/cm3, particle density (ρs) 2,04-2,10 gr/cm3, porosity 28-40%, soil moisture 36,90-42,00%mass, COM 1,16-1,78%, and lime content 2,69-3,46%. The average of infiltration capacity was 265,10 mm/hours which classified as very fast categories. The strongest relation between physical characteristic of soil and the infiltration capacity was owned by the soil textures. It had correlation coefficient -0,621, while the water content 0,883.
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