The relationship of crops grown in rotation or in succession has increased every day and the use of antagonistic plants and/or non-host plants is one of the most efficient practices of integrated management of nematodes. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of crotalaria (Crotalaria spectabilis Roth) and millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) Leeke] ‘ADR 300’ in reducing the population of Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica and in increasing the productivity of okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] when cultivated in succession. The experiment was conducted in an area cultivating okra (host culture) in rotation, with a history of severe infestation by phytonematoids. The experimental design involved randomized blocks with six treatments and four replicates, with the following treatments: T1, 15 kg.ha-1 of millet seeds; T2, 30 kg.ha-1 of crotalaria; T3, 10 kg.ha-1 of millet + 20 kg.ha-1 of crotalaria; T4, 20 kg.ha-1 of millet + 6 kg.ha-1 of crotalaria; T5, 6 kg.ha-1 of millet + 36 kg.ha-1 of crotalaria; and T6, control. The nematode populations in the soil and roots were evaluated about 60 d after planting okra, and the yield was evaluated at the end of the crop cycle. Simple treatment with millet or crotalaria reduced the nematode population by 61% and 72%, respectively. The millet-crotalaria intercropping treatments reduced the nematode population by up to 85% compared with the control. In terms of productivity, there was an increase of 787 kg.ha-1 in the millet treatment and 2,109 kg.ha-1 in the intercropping treatments. Both the single cultivation of crotalaria or millet and the consortia of crotalaria and millet were effective in controlling the root-knot nematodes, and increased the productivity of okra.
Qualitative thermal tests and light and scanning electron microscopy of leaves, roots and trunks for opal-A (amorphous silica (Si)) as well as total leaf analysis for Si were performed on 11-to 12-yr old Hamlin sweet orange trees on Rangpur lime with and without blight symptoms and grown on soils classified as Oxisol. High amounts of silicified opaline plugs were found in the outermost active xylem in trunks of blight-affected trees, but very few in healthylooking trees. In the case of the leaves, much smaller amounts of opal plugs were found in a blighted tree in comparison with healthy looking trees. However, total Si contents of the Hamlin leaves did not show differences. Further microscopic observations indicated that leaves of a blight-affected sweet orange tree have more silica in the form of randomly distributed colloid bodies (silica-gel), whereas leaves from healthy trees had silica in the opal phytoliths form, which is known to be beneficial when it is located in the epidermis and between the cell walls.
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