This study is focused on analysing the economics of rice production by the small-holder female rice-farmers in Adamawa State, Nigeria. Specifically, the study described female rice-farmers’ socio-economic characteristics, analysed their technical and allocative efficiencies, and also assessed their economic efficiency in the area. Primary data were collected from 180 randomly selected female rice-farmers in Adamawa State using a semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and stochastic frontier function were used analysing the data collected. Findings of the study revealed that the technical in-efficiency of the farmers is influenced by farming experience, education, and access to credit facilities. Also, the allocative in-efficiency of female farmers was influenced by education, household size, and access to credits. The result showed that education and access to credit facilities were common factors affecting the technical and allocative efficiency of female rice farmers in the area. The mean economic efficiency of the female farmers was 0.6. Therefore, the study recommends that the government and other actors in the agricultural sector should facilitate women’s access to credit facilities and other agricultural information relevant to rice production.
This study was conducted to assess the amount of dose received by patients undergoing routine x-ray examinations at Federal Teaching Hospital, Gombe in Gombe State, Nigeria. Entrance skin doses (ESDs) for different kinds of x-ray procedures, include Posterior Anterior (PA) and Lateral (Lat) chest, Anterior Posterior (AP) Abdomen, AP pelvis, AP and Lat lumber spine and PA and Lat skull were assessed using standard exposure parameters. Data were obtained from eighty (80) patients who were exposed to diagnostic X-ray during their regular X-ray examinations. The patients’ age ranged from 1 to 80 years, while the weight was between 20kg and 100kg and height of these patients was between 95.0cm and 171cm. The skin dose of each patient was evaluated using a formula, based on the radiographic exposure parameters of kVp, mAS, SSD, the X-ray tube and the total filtration of the beams. The mean entrance skin dose ranged from 0.016 mGy to 3.168 mGy. Eventually, the ESDs measured for these x-ray procedures were found to be below the maximum permissible limits set by Nigeria Basic Ionizing Radiation Regulation and all the examinations conducted showed that there is a good correlation between the entrance skin doses and body mass index for the studied subjects. This implies that patients with higher body mass index will received more dose than the patients with low body mass index.
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