We describe the design, fabrication, testing, and antenna-range demonstration of a photonic wavelengthmultiplexed true-time-delay steering system for use with broadband phased-array antennas. The prototype system is based on a unique hardware-compressive architecture and can drive 16 antenna elements over the 0.35-2.1-GHz band with 6-bit angular resolution over a ±45° scan angle.
The discussion was initiated by a paper comparing the measurement of dialysis dose (Kt/V) and solute clearance using on-line ultra-violet absorbance, blood and dialysate urea and ionic dialysance by Uhlin et al (NDT 2006). Participants from 14 countries discussed the theory behind the UV absorbance technique and the potential for its use in routine practice, the correlation between Kt/V measured using different methods, the use of ionic dialysance and the optimisation of dose monitoring. The 'take-home' messages from the discussion were that UV-absorbance could help ensure the delivery of dialysis dose as it provides real time feedback on the effect interventions such as repositioning of needles. The technology is relatively inexpensive and requires no consumables but changes in the dialysis machine settings could lead to misleading measurements if not communicated to the UV monitor. Session-to-session variation in dialysis dose can be measured using on-line clearance monitoring. If it is already on the machine and costs nothing, why not use it? Alternatively, regular access recirculation checks and a record of the total blood volume processed at each session allow problems with delivered dialysis dose to be picked up between routine blood tests.
In early 2020, the rapid spread of the COVID-19 pandemic was an unprecedented shock to the global education system, resulting in most educational institutions closing their doors and turning to various forms of remote learning to ensure continuous education for their communities. Since the world has not experienced this scale of school closure before, the goal of this study was to explore what, if anything, non-state schools (NNSs) were doing to support remote learning that may help them to prepare for future events that curtail education. In May 2020, Edify, an international non-governmental organization (INGO) operating in eleven nations in Latin America (LATAM), Sub-Saharan Africa and India conducted a telephone survey with a stratified random sample of 388 school leaders. Since the extent learning had continued across contexts was relatively unknown, the survey aimed to inform the organization's current and future responses to the COVID-19 pandemic and potential future educational interruptions. In addition to identifying the various uses of technology and possible innovations as to how non-state schools can respond when a crisis impacts their operating status, this paper describes three areas of concern expressed by the school leaders: (1) the health and safety of children and adults in their schools; (2) the various challenges of maintaining financial sustainability; and (3) the learning loss of students from the lack of preparedness for such a massive interruption in their school's normal operations.
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