Among the ions present in brewing liquor, calcium is of outstanding importance because of its beneficial effect, in conjunction with phosphate, in lowering the pH in the mash tun; the bicarbonate ion, which acts in the reverse direction, is undesirable. The effect of ions on flavour is not easy to assess but sodium, magnesium, chloride and sulphate are of importance in this connection. Liquor treatment, involving prior removal of ions followed by addition of hardening salts, is discussed in detail in the context of modern plant operation.
The qualities to be sought in a good detergent are enumerated, and the extents to which they are realized are discussed in relation to a wide range of available materials; sterilants are similarly treated in detail. The selection and the mode of use of detergents and sterilants depend in large measure on the nature of the equipment (and especially surface) to be treated, bearing in mind the need to avoid corrosion or other damage. Sterilizing treatment should in general, if it is to be properly effective, be preceded by thorough cleaning, and the importance is stressed of ensuring that the sterilizing agent penetrates to all points. An increasing degree of mechanical treatment, rather than hand operations, is foreshadowed, and cir culation methods will probably replace dismantling methods for properly designed mains and pipes.
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