Abstract. We presented the results of expedition measurements of the set of physical-chemical characteristics of atmospheric aerosol in areas of the Arctic and Far East seas, performed onboard RV Akademik Fedorov (17 August-22 September 2013) and RV Professor Khljustin (24 July-7 September 2013). The specific features of spatial distribution and time variations of aerosol optical depth (AOD) of the atmosphere in the wavelength range of 0.34-2.14 µm and boundary layer height, aerosol and black carbon mass concentrations, and disperse and chemical composition of aerosol are discussed. Over the Arctic Ocean (on the route of RV Akademik Fedorov) there is a decrease in aerosol and black carbon concentrations in a northeastern direction: higher values were observed in the region of Spitsbergen and near the Kola Peninsula; and minimum values were observed at northern margins of the Laptev Sea. Average AOD (0.5 µm) values in this remote region were 0.03; the aerosol and black carbon mass concentrations were 875 and 22 ng m −3 , respectively. The spatial distributions of most aerosol characteristics over Far East seas show their latitudinal decrease in the northern direction. On transit of RV Professor Khljustin from the Japan Sea to the Chukchi Sea, the aerosol number concentration decreased on average from 23.7 to 2.5 cm −3 , the black carbon mass concentration decreased from 150 to 50 ng m −3 , and AOD decreased from 0.19 to 0.03. We analyzed the variations in the boundary layer height, measured by ship-based lidar: the average value was 520 m, and the maximal value was 1200 m. In latitudinal distribution of the boundary layer height, there is a characteristic minimum at a latitude of ∼ 55 • N. For water basins of eight seas, we present the chemical compositions of the water-soluble aerosol fraction (ions, elements) and small gasphase species, as well as estimates of their vertical fluxes. It is shown that substances are mainly (75-89 %) supplied from the atmosphere to the sea surface together with gas-phase species. The deposited ions account for from 11 to 24.5 %, and trace elements account for 0.2-0.4 % of the total sum of water-soluble components. The average vertical fluxes of aerosol substance are a factor of 4-7 larger in the Japan Sea than in the water basins of Arctic seas.
This article examines the influence of art magazines on processes in art of the twentieth century — and the possibility of constructing a typology of periodicals based on this principle. General characteristics of the “magazine of influence” are based on the material of the second half of the twentieth century. The model of this type of periodical is considered on the example of Artforum, the most authoritative magazine of the second half of the 1960s and the first half of the 1970s, whose experience (positive and negative) was used to form the editorial policy of October. From the history of October, the main periodical on contemporary art of the last four decades, the early stage (when its influence was maximum) was selected. The formation of the journal is examined from different points of view. The first point is the art and art history methodologies of the 1960s and the legacy of Artforum associated with the name Rosalind Krauss. The second point, presented by Annette Michelson, refers to the semiotics of French theory and the problem of the “political.” The third subject is built around Douglas Crimp and his curatorial project, the “Pictures” exhibition: this is the newest art (postmodernism of the second half of the 1970s, its specificity, its connection with the “photographic” and postmedial nature of this “photographic”) and the methodology of its analysis. The combination of new art with a journal of a new type (creating an apparatus for its methodological description) creates a situation that allows us to speak about the beginning of a new era, the era of postmodernism, a specific version of conceptual art, where the border between art itself and its critical and theoretical interpretation almost disappears.
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