Институт проблем промышленной экологии Севера Кольского научного центра РАН (Апатиты, Российская Федерация) А. Беккелунд ЗАО «Creek-Bio» (Осло, Норвегия) В. А. Даувальтер, О. В. Петрова Институт проблем промышленной экологии Севера Кольского научного центра РАН (Апатиты, Российская Федерация) Статья поступила в редакцию 23 апреля 2019 г. В результате добычи и переработки апатитонефелиновых руд Хибин (Мурманская область) в водную среду попадают тысячи тонн минеральных веществ, в том числе соединения фосфора и азота. Поверхностные воды являются основной средой миграции загрязняющих веществ, большая часть которых аккумулируется в крупном эвтрофируемом заполярном озере Имандра. Годовые поступления в плес Большая Имандра только по реке Белой оцениваются в 1233 т азота и 300 т фосфора, что превышает критическую нагрузку для всего водоема. Рассмотрены пространственная и временная динамика основных форм фосфора и азота, особенности взаимосвязей загрязнения арк тического озера макробиогенными веществами и развитие цветения потенциально токсичных водорослей и цианобактерий.
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) in arctic lakes are recent phenomena. In our study, we performed a long-term analysis (1990–2017) of the eutrophication of Lake Imandra, a large subarctic lake, and explored the biodiversity of bloom-forming microorganisms of a 2017 summer HAB. We performed a 16Sr rRNA metabarcoding study of microbial communities, analysed the associations between N, P, C, and chlorophyll concentrations in the lake water, and developed models for the prediction of HABs based on total P concentration. We have demonstrated that blooms in Lake Imandra occur outside of optimal Redfield ratios and have a nonlinear association with P concentrations. We found that recent summer HABs in a lake occur as simultaneous blooms of a diatom Aulacoseira sp. and cyanobacteria Dolichospermum sp. We have studied the temporal dynamics of microbial communities during the bloom and performed an analysis of the publicly available Dolichospermum genomes to outline potential genetic mechanisms beneath simultaneous blooming. We found genetic traits requisite for diatom-diazotroph associations, which may lay beneath the simultaneous blooming of Aulacoseira sp. and Dolichospermum sp. in Lake Imandra. Both groups of organisms have the ability to store nutrients and form a dormant stage. All of these factors will ensure the further development of the HABs in Lake Imandra and the dispersal of these bloom-forming species to neighboring lakes.
The large arctic Imandra Lake is located in the industrial Murmansk region, Russia. Since the 2000s it has regular Harmful Algal Blooms. Significant changes in hydrochemical indices were recorded in 1985—2017. The ratio of the main ions has changed, the pH and alkalinity have increased. The indicators of water salinity, the total content of P and N, and their mineral forms have decreased. The concentrations of Zn, Cu, Ni и SO42– have decreased as well. The decrease trends in the content of macronutrients in waters contradict traditional concepts and the role of mineral P and N in the development of HAB. This indicates more complex mechanisms of flowering in this arctic reservoir, which are being discussed.
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