The mutual relationship between mRNA and the cytoskeleton can be seen from two points of view. On the one hand, the cytoskeleton is necessary for mRNA trafficking and anchoring to subcellular domains. On the other hand, cytoskeletal growth and rearrangement require the translation of mRNAs that are connected to the cytoskeleton. b-actin mRNA localization may influence dynamic changes in the actin cytoskeleton. In the cytoplasm, long-lived mRNAs exist in the form of RNP (ribonucleoprotein) complexes, where they interact with RNA-binding proteins, including NXF (Nuclear eXport Factor). Dm NXF1 is an evolutionarily conserved protein in Drosophila melanogaster that has orthologs in different animals. The universal function of nxf1 genes is the nuclear export of different mRNAs in various organisms. In this mini-review, we briefly discuss the evidence demonstrating that Dm NXF1 fulfils not only universal but also specialized cytoplasmic functions. This protein is detected not only in the nucleus but also in the cytoplasm. It is a component of neuronal granules. Dm NXF1 marks nuclear division spindles during early embryogenesis and the dense body on one side of the elongated spermatid nuclei. The characteristic features of sbr mutants (sbr 10 and sbr 5 ) are impairment of chromosome segregation and spindle formation anomalies during female meiosis. sbr 12 mutant sterile males with immobile spermatozoa exhibit disturbances in the axoneme, mitochondrial derivatives and cytokinesis. These data allow us to propose that the Dm NXF1 proteins transport certain mRNAs in neurites and interact with localized mRNAs that are necessary for dynamic changes of the cytoskeleton. K E Y W O R D Snxf, long-lived mRNA, RNA-binding protein, spermatogenesis, localized translation | RNAS EXIST FOR THE CYTOSKELETON, A N D TH E C Y T O S K E L E T O N EX IS T S F O R RN A SThe cytoskeleton is a dynamic cellular structure. It supports the cel-
drugs designed to act against individual molecular targets cannot usually combat diseases that affect multiple tissues or cell types such as immunoinflammatory disorders. Combination drugs that impact multiple targets simultaneously are better at controlling complex disease systems, are less prone to drug resistance and the standard of care in many important therapeutic areas. The aim of the study was to evaluate the therapeutical anti-inflammatory potential and molecular mechanisms of newly designed multipeptide complex (PC) obtained from the cod liver (Gadidae). PC is a standardized extract that contains peptides, phospholipids, free amino acids and trace elements. it was shown that 0,01 % injection solution in doses 2, 4 and 8 mg/kg have high anti-inflammatory effects evaluated on the models of carrageenan air pouch in the rat and contact dermatitis in mice. inflammation is a complex pathological process associated with exaggerated human immune system involving various activated immune cells and bio-molecules. Within several inflammation cascades or pathways there are often pivotal molecular targets that, when antagonized or neutralized, block the output of the pathway. historically, at least over the past 20 years in the modern era of target-based drug discovery, a relatively small number of pivotal targets have been identified that have yielded any successful anti-inflammatory drugs. Most of these are antagonists of endogenous proinflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins, leukotrienes and histamine. These targets include the h1 receptor for histamine, the enzymes cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 (COX-1 and COX-2), the cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNf-α) and the receptor for the cysteinyl leukotrienes C4 and d4. it was shown in vitro that substance of PC are the selective inhibitor of COX2 (iC50 = 5-10 µg/ml) and 5-lOX (iC50 = 10,2 µg/ml). Also PC in concentrations 1, 2, 4 and 16 µg/ml decreased 2-fold the histamine release from the rat basophils cell line Rbl1 induced by the compound 48/80. Ex vivo studies of PC action on h1-histamine receptors in guinea pig ileum showed that the PC inhibited smooth muscle responses to histamine. The substance was effective in all studied concentrations 10, 20, 100 and 1000 µg/ml, but the most pronounced effects were observed at a concentration of 1000 µg/ml. Perfusion with PC decreased the amplitude of histamine-induced smooth muscle response of up to 95 % from control (potassium cloride). The time of the maximal response to histamine was increased in 45-fold compared to control. The so-called «one drug one target» drugs have revolutionized modern medicine and, in many cases, can be considered wonder drugs. Unfortunately, many patients are unable to benefit from these therapies because of pharmacogenomic effects. for example, some patients could have differences in key diseaserelevant biological pathways compared with the majority of the population, and this could alter the contribution of a particular target to the disease in these individuals. in such cases, the action of...
The cover image, by L. A. Mamon et al., is based on the Mini‐Review Article RNA‐binding proteins of the NXF (nuclear export factor) family and their connection with the cytoskeleton, DOI: .
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