Background HIV outbreaks in the Former Soviet Union (FSU) countries were characterized by repeated transmission of the HIV variant AFSU, which is now classified as a distinct subtype A sub-subtype called A6. The current study used phylogenetic/phylodynamic and signature mutation analyses to determine likely evolutionary relationship between subtype A6 and other subtype A sub-subtypes. Methods For this study, an initial Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic analysis was performed using a total of 553 full-length, publicly available, reverse transcriptase sequences, from A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, and A6 sub-subtypes of subtype A. For phylogenetic clustering and signature mutation analysis, a total of 5961 and 3959 pol and env sequences, respectively, were used. Results Phylogenetic and signature mutation analysis showed that HIV-1 sub-subtype A6 likely originated from sub-subtype A1 of African origin. A6 and A1 pol and env genes shared several signature mutations that indicate genetic similarity between the two subtypes. For A6, tMRCA dated to 1975, 15 years later than that of A1. Conclusion The current study provides insights into the evolution and diversification of A6 in the backdrop of FSU countries and indicates that A6 in FSU countries evolved from A1 of African origin and is getting bridged outside the FSU region.

Для большого разнообразия почвенно-климатических условий Казахстана требуются сорта сои, устойчивые к различным стрессам, и прежде всего сорта, устойчивые к засухе. Необходимым условием эффективной селекции на засухоустойчивость является правильная оценка засухоустойчивости. Использование физиологических, анатомо-морфологических и биохимических признаков засухоустойчивости в совокупности с оценкой урожайности семян при засухе позволяет проводить более достоверную оценку. Целенаправленное использование комплекса фенотипических маркеров позволит селекционерам отобрать из коллекции ценные генотипы сои, которые могут быть использованы в различных схемах скрещиваний по созданию продуктивных и засухоустойчивых форм. В работе оценена коллекция сои с использованием анатомо-морфологических и физиолого-биохимических методов оценки засухоустойчивости в контрастных условиях орошения и богары (не поливной участок) научного стационара КазНИИЗиР в фазу налива бобов и яркого проявления недостатка влаги. Выделены образцы по высокой опушенности, хорошо развитому устьичному аппарату, интенсивному накоплению пролина, повышенному уровню квантового выхода фотосистемы (QY). Выделены 3 сорта-Гессенска, Кыэ-шуан, Комет как засухоустойчивые по двум и трем фенотипическим маркерам засухоустойчивости. Продемонстрирована возможность использования современного флуориметра для оценки физиологического состояния растений, в период стресса, вызванного засухой. Образцы, выделенные как засухоустойчивые, будут использованы в гибридизации для создания ценных гибридных популяций и в дальнейшем отечественных засухоустойчивых сортов, адаптированных к условиям безполивного земледелия РК.

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The aim of this study is determine the in vitro and in vivo antiradical properties and the cytoprotective activity of Allium nutans L. honey extract. The antiradical properties of the extracts were investigated in rabbit alveolar macrophages and human foreskin fibroblast (hFFs) cells in the presence of doxorubicin, a cytotoxic substance using DPPH and ABTS assays. The cytoprotective activities were determined using 18 Wistar rats divided into three different groups, a negative control, and two other groups with experimentally induced hepatotoxicity by a single intraperitoneal injection of 50% carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) oil solution. A positive control group, received drinking water only and an experimental group that was treated with Allium nutans L. honey extracts for 7 days. In vitro treatment with Allium nutans L. honey extracts resulted in 78% reduction in radical activity in DPPH and 91.6% inhibition using the ABTS. Also, honey extracts were able to preserve 100% of cell viability in the presence of the cytotoxic, doxorubicin. Furthermore, the treatment with honey extracts resulted in a significant reduction in damage to the structure of liver tissue, as well significant reduction in the levels of ALT and AST in the experimental group compared to the control group.

Moisture stress is a major environmental factor that limits the soy (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) yield worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate production characters of 98 varieties and collection samples of soy in the fields of the Almaty region of the Republic of Kazakhstan with and without irrigation. The experiment used a combination of features -weight of seeds from a plot, weight of 1,000 seeds, and seed plumpness -as the main markers for drought resistance assessment. Based on a comprehensive assessment of the working collection, soybean genotypes with high drought resistance were identified. These genotypes are useful genetic materials for soy breeding programs with the aim to increase yields and drought resistance. Varieties of the maturity group 00 can be cultivated in the Almaty region without irrigation, since these accessions avoid moisture stress by shortening the vegetation period. These samples can also be recommended for cultivation in non-irrigared areas of Eastern and Northern Kazakhstan. The highest productivity potential in the Almaty region was found in varieties of the maturity group II. However, their cultivation without irrigation will lead to a maximum decrease in yield.