腎移植の現況

Cytotoxicity of Bismuth Compounds to Cultured Cancer Cells

“…Bismuth (Bi) occurs in the earth's crust at a concentration of approximately 100 μg/kg, and is a Group 15 metal element with properties similar to those of lead and mercury [1]. Humans ingest 5-20 μg/day of Bi, mainly through food, and some Bi is thought to be absorbed and accumulated locally in the body.…”

“…Humans ingest 5-20 μg/day of Bi, mainly through food, and some Bi is thought to be absorbed and accumulated locally in the body. Whether Bi is an essential nutrient in humans is unknown [1,2]. Environmental pollution of Bi has not been a problem, as it is only used in small amounts in industrial settings, and is very low in environmental emissions.…”

“…Entities such as the World Health Organization (WHO), European Union (EU), and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) have likewise published no regulatory provisions regarding bismuth [3]. Bismuth is known to exert toxicity when administered in large quantities or for an extended period [1,2,4,5]. Bi subgallate has been used as a medicine for syphilis, peptic ulcer, and skin diseases for decades, and Bi subsalicylate and Bi citrate are used as anti-gastritis and antidiarrheal agents [1,5,6].…”

“…Bismuth is known to exert toxicity when administered in large quantities or for an extended period [1,2,4,5]. Bi subgallate has been used as a medicine for syphilis, peptic ulcer, and skin diseases for decades, and Bi subsalicylate and Bi citrate are used as anti-gastritis and antidiarrheal agents [1,5,6]. In recent years, Bi compounds have been used in cosmetic products, bactericides, dyes, and alloy materials.…”