π-Conjugation in Gd₁₃Fe₁₀C₁₃ and Its Oxycarbide: Unexpected Connections between Complex Carbides and Simple Organic Molecules

Abstract

Carbometalates are a diverse family of solid state structures formed from transition metal (TM)-carbon polyanionic frameworks whose charges are balanced by rare earth (RE) cations. Remarkable structural features, such as transition metal clusters, are often encountered in these phases, and a pressing challenge is to explain how such features emerge from the competing interaction types (RE-TM, TM-TM, TM-C, etc.) in these systems. In this Article, we describe a joint experimental and theoretical investigation of two compounds, Gd13Fe10C13 and its oxycarbide Gd13Fe10C(13-x)O(x) (x ≈ 1), which add a new dimension to the structural chemistry of carbometalates: π-conjugation through both TM-C and TM-TM multiple bonds. The crystal structures of both compounds are built from layers of Fe-centered Gd prisms stacked along c and surrounded by an Fe-C network, and differ chiefly in the stacking sequence of these layers. The phases' identical local structures have two types of Fe environment: trigonal planar FeC3 sites and H-shaped Fe2C4 sites, with unusually short Fe-Fe and Fe-C bonds. (57)Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy and DFT-calibrated Hückel calculations on Gd13Fe10C13 build a picture of covalent Fe-C σ bonds and conjugated π systems for which Lewis structures can be drawn. Using the reversed approximation Molecular Orbital approach, we can draw isolobal analogies between the Fe centers of this compound and molecular TM complexes: 18-electron configurations could be achieved through σ and π bonds with 18 electrons/Fe for the FeC3 site and 18-n (n = 2 for an Fe═Fe double bond) electrons/Fe for the Fe2C4 site. In this way, the vision of a unified bonding scheme of carbometalates and organometallics proffered by earlier studies is realized in a visual manner, directly from the 1-electron wave functions of the Hückel model. The bonding analysis predicts that Gd13Fe10C13 is one electron/formula unit short of an ideal electron count, explaining the tendency of the system toward a small degree of oxygen substitution. Analogies between the π bonding in Gd13Fe10C13 and that of the allyl anion help rationalize the presence of trigonal planar Fe and linear C units in the structure. The isolobal analogy between Gd13Fe10C13 and an 18-electron coordination complex is expected to apply to carbometalates as a whole, and will be extended to other examples in our future work.

Syntheses, Structures, Luminescence, and Magnetic Properties of a Series of Novel Coordination Polymers Constructed by Nanosized [Ln8Fe4] Rings

“…32 The data in the range 2−300 K were fitted to the Curie−Weiss law, yielding C = 32.58 cm 3 K mol −1 and θ = −3.23 K. In the case of complex 3, At 300 K, the χ M T product is equal to 19.70 cm 3 K mol −1 , which is slightly smaller than the expected 20.15 cm 3 K mol −1 value (for 2 Gd 3+ ions with S = 7/2, g = 2 and 1 Fe 3+ with S = 5/2, g = 2.0). As the temperature decreases, the χ M T product of 3 increases slowly to about 50 K and then rapidly increases to the maximum of 33.69 cm 3 K mol −1 at 5 K. This behavior demonstrates a ferromagnetic Fe−Ln interaction, 33 as confirmed by the positive Weiss constant (C = 19.52 cm 3 K mol −1 and θ = 4.67 K) in the range of 5−300 K. On further cooling, the χ M T value decreases gradually to 26.34 cm 3 K mol −1 at 2 K, which can be attributed to intermolecule antiferromagnetic interactions and the magnetic anisotropy of Fe and Ln atoms. 34 The field dependence of magnetization of compounds 2 and 3 is shown in Figures S18−S19.…”

Generality of the 18-n Rule: Intermetallic Structural Chemistry Explained through Isolobal Analogies to Transition Metal Complexes

“…To test this idea, we developed a method for mapping the electronic structures of intermetallics to simple molecular orbital (MO) diagrams, the reversed approximation MO (raMO) approach, effectively allowing for the rapid testing of isolobal analogies between solid-state and molecular structures. With this tool in hand, the importance of 18-electron configurations was revealed in CrGa 4 , Ir 3 Ge 7 -type phases, the carbometalate Gd 13 Fe 10 C 13 , and the Nowotny chimney ladder phases …”

Putting ScTGa5 (T = Fe, Co, Ni) on the Map: How Electron Counts and Chemical Pressure Shape the Stability Range of the HoCoGa5 Type

“…In this case, the Ln atoms appear as 18electron centers that participate in isolobal bonds, much as was found for early and midblock transition metals in the AuCu 3 and TiAl 3 structure types. 41,74 In other compounds, however, such as Gd 13 Fe 10 C 13 86 and GdCoSi 2 , 87 the Ln atoms are viewed as electron donors to T-based 18-electron configurations. Determining the circumstances under which the Ln atoms take on these different roles could be an exciting subject for future research.…”