β-Lactamase Genes (blaCTX-M, blaSHV, blaTEM, blaOXA1 and blaOXA2) and Phylogenetic Groups in ESBL Producing Commensal Escherichia coli Isolated from Faecal Samples from Dairy Farm in the Municipality of Debar
Abstract:β-lactamases are a diverse class of enzymes produced by bacteria that present a major cause for resistance to β-lactams. In this study we analysed 159 fecal samples from dairy cows, for the presence of presumptive ESBL, AmpC, and carbapenemase-producing E. coli. Phylotyping was done using Clermont phylo-typing method, targeting arpA, ChuA, and YjaA genes, along with the DNA fragment TspE4.C2. Convetional PCR method was used to confirm the presence of bla genes among 39 phenotypically confirmed ESBL producing E… Show more
“…This study examined 39 E. coli isolates, and out of the 22 analyzed genes, a total of 19 genes were detected and identified as responsible for conferring resistance to the tested antimicrobials. The results from this study for the prevalence of β-lactam coding genes have previously been described [24]. Tetracycline resistance is very common in resistant strains isolated dairy cattle and farm environments, as is the prevalence of genes conferring resistance to tetracycline [25].…”
Commensal Escherichia coli has the potential to easily acquire resistance to a broad range of antimicrobials, making it a reservoir for its transfer to other microorganisms, including pathogens. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of resistant commensal Escherichia coli isolated from dairy cows’ feces. Phenotypic resistance profiles and categorization were determined by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing with the broth microdilution method, while the PCR method was used to determine the presence of resistant genes. Out of 159 commensal E. coli isolates, 39 (24.5%) were confirmed to have resistance. According to the MIC values, 37 (97.3%) and 1 (2.7%) isolate were phenotypically categorized as ESBL and ESBL/AmpC, respectively. All isolates showed resistance to ampicillin, while 97.4%, 56.4%, and 36% showed resistance to cefotaxime, ciprofloxacine, and azitromycine, respectively. Not all isolates that showed phenotypic resistance were found to be carrying the corresponding gene. The most prevalent resistant genes were gyrA, tetA, sul2, and tetB, which were present in 61.5%, 64%, 54%, and 49% of the isolates, respectively. The results clearly indicate that, besides their resistance to multiple antimicrobials, the commensal E. coli isolates did not necessarily carry any genes conferring resistance to that particular antimicrobial.
“…This study examined 39 E. coli isolates, and out of the 22 analyzed genes, a total of 19 genes were detected and identified as responsible for conferring resistance to the tested antimicrobials. The results from this study for the prevalence of β-lactam coding genes have previously been described [24]. Tetracycline resistance is very common in resistant strains isolated dairy cattle and farm environments, as is the prevalence of genes conferring resistance to tetracycline [25].…”
Commensal Escherichia coli has the potential to easily acquire resistance to a broad range of antimicrobials, making it a reservoir for its transfer to other microorganisms, including pathogens. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of resistant commensal Escherichia coli isolated from dairy cows’ feces. Phenotypic resistance profiles and categorization were determined by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing with the broth microdilution method, while the PCR method was used to determine the presence of resistant genes. Out of 159 commensal E. coli isolates, 39 (24.5%) were confirmed to have resistance. According to the MIC values, 37 (97.3%) and 1 (2.7%) isolate were phenotypically categorized as ESBL and ESBL/AmpC, respectively. All isolates showed resistance to ampicillin, while 97.4%, 56.4%, and 36% showed resistance to cefotaxime, ciprofloxacine, and azitromycine, respectively. Not all isolates that showed phenotypic resistance were found to be carrying the corresponding gene. The most prevalent resistant genes were gyrA, tetA, sul2, and tetB, which were present in 61.5%, 64%, 54%, and 49% of the isolates, respectively. The results clearly indicate that, besides their resistance to multiple antimicrobials, the commensal E. coli isolates did not necessarily carry any genes conferring resistance to that particular antimicrobial.
The use of antimicrobials in livestock production and their effect on the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health problem for humans, animals and the environment. The aim of this study was to determine antimicrobial residue levels in milk and feces samples during the withdrawal period in dairy cattle administrated with a single dose of the drug, as well as to characterize the antimicrobial resistance patterns of Escherichia coli cultured from feces samples. In the study, dairy cows from three different farms in North Macedonia were included. Raw milk and feces samples were collected before drug administration (0 day) and on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 7th and 21st day after drug administration. The antimicrobial residues of oxytetracycline, enrofloxacin, amoxicillin, trimethoprim and procaine-benzylpenicillin were determined using a validated liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method involving stable isotopes. According to results obtained, the highest levels of analyzed antimicrobial residues were determined on the first day after drug administration, which then gradually decreased until their elimination (7th day). The highest AMR of E. coli (100%) was found in β-lactam antimicrobials. Less exposure to broad-spectrum antimicrobials could be an important factor for reduction of AMR on dairy farms.
β-lactam antibiotics are a key element in the treatment of bacterial infections. However, the excessive use of these antibiotics has contributed to the emergence of β-lactam-resistant enterobacteria, including Escherichia coli. One of the main challenges facing the public health sector is antibacterial resistance (ABR), mainly due to limited options in its pharmacological treatment. Currently, extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) present an alarming situation, as there is an increase in morbidity and mortality rates, prolonged hospital stays, and increased costs for sanitary supplies, which involve not only humans but also the environment and animals, especially animals destined for food production. This review presents an analysis of the prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli and its distribution in different animal sources throughout the world, providing an understanding of the association with resistance and virulence genes, as well as perceiving the population structure of E. coli.
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