β-lactam and fluoroquinolone resistance in Enterobacteriaceae from imported and locally-produced chicken in Mozambique

Abstract

Introduction: Plasmid-mediated resistance to β-lactam and fluoroquinolone antibiotics was investigated in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from retailed frozen chickens from Brazil, South Africa and Mozambique.
 Methodology: Carcass swabs and the liquid thaw of 33 chickens from each of the three countries constituted the total sample size of 198. Isolates were identified by biochemical tests, antibiotic susceptibility was ascertained by the disc diffusion assay and β-lactamases were detected using the double-disk synergy test. PCR was used to detect the presence of blaCTX-M, blaSHV, blaTEM, blaCMY, blaMOX, blaFOX, blaDHA, qnrB, qnrD, qnrS and qepA genes. A random selection of CTX-M genes was sequenced.
 Results: The 198 samples yielded 27 (13.6%) putative extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-positive isolates, 15 from carcass swabs and 12 from the liquid thaw from 22 chickens with 19, 5 and 3 isolates from South African, Mozambican and Brazilian chicken, respectively. Isolates exhibited the following resistance: ampicillin 100%, ceftriaxone 89%, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 78%, cefotaxime 74%, ciprofloxacin 70%, ceftazidime 67%, cefoxitin 22% and gentamicin 8%. The predominant putative ESBL gene was blaSHV (85%), followed by blaCTX-M (62.9%) and blaTEM (44.4%) whilst blaMOX and blaDHA were the most common pAmpC genes at 33.3%. The predominant plasmid-mediated fluoroquinolone-resistance gene was qepA (22.2%). DNA sequencing identified blaCTX-M-55/-79/-101/-164. ERIC–PCR profiles did not show strong evidence of clonality.
 Conclusion: The Mozambican population is exposed to a reservoir of plasmid-mediated, and hence mobile β-lactam and quinolone resistance genes via imported, and to a lesser extent, locally produced poultry. This presents a food safety concern.

Characterization of Escherichia coli from Water and Food Sold on the Streets of Maputo: Molecular Typing, Virulence Genes, and Antibiotic Resistance

“…The bla SHV variants (23.7%), CTX-M Group 9 variants (15.8%), and ba TEM -variants (15.8%) were the most predominant ESBL genes. Similar results were obtained by Faife et al [47], who reported bla SHV (85.0%), followed by the Bla CTX-M group (62.9%) and bla TEM (44.4%), among the E. coli isolated from imported and locally produced chicken in Mozambique. However, according to Faife et al [47], it is difficult to understand the contribution of local isolates to resistance genes, since some of the chickens were imported.…”

“…Similar results were obtained by Faife et al [47], who reported bla SHV (85.0%), followed by the Bla CTX-M group (62.9%) and bla TEM (44.4%), among the E. coli isolated from imported and locally produced chicken in Mozambique. However, according to Faife et al [47], it is difficult to understand the contribution of local isolates to resistance genes, since some of the chickens were imported. Among E. coli isolates from children with enteric diarrhea, at the Maputo Central Hospital, Mozambique, Berendes et al [15] found 68% of the isolates with the bla SHV variants and 20% with the prevalence of the CTX-M Group 9.…”

Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of Citrobacter freundii isolates from broilers in AL- Diwaniyah province of Iraq

“…Because the poultry environment is continually in contact with humans, a high prevalence of resistant bacterium genes in the environment may raise the danger of transfer to humans. In current study out of 6 isolates, all isolates were positive for (bla-tem, blaCTX-M and bla-SHV) genes, this result is in agreement with the study by Faife et al,(2020), While this study is not in agreement to the study by Akinbami et al (2018)., It was discovered that 10.4 percent of C. freundii isolates tested positive for the bla-tem gene. Bla-tem gene was the most prevalent ESBL gene detected followed by bla-SHV and blaCTX-M genes in clinical isolates (Sedighi et al, 2017 andOlajumoke et al, 2018).…”

Drivers of Antibiotic Resistance Transmission in Low- and Middle-Income Countries from a “One Health” Perspective—A Review

“…Enteric bacterial isolates, detected in food-producing animals and meat and in particular in poultry and chicken meat isolates are commonly resistant to antibiotics critically important to human medicine like third-generation cephalosporins and quinolones in addition to ampicillin, tetracyclines and co-trimoxazole [118]. This is true in LMICs as well with poultry and pork farming the major role players as generators of ABR across a range of bacterial culprits [119][120][121][122]. An alarming concern, is the acquired colistin resistance in food-borne pathogens seen across several countries in animals and humans (i.e., associated with infection) [123].…”