β-Aminobutyric Acid-Induced Resistance Against Downy Mildew in Grapevine Acts Through the Potentiation of Callose Formation and Jasmonic Acid Signaling

Abstract

beta-Aminobutyric acid (BABA) was used to induce resistance in grapevine (Vitis vinifera) against downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola). This led to a strong reduction of mycelial growth and sporulation in the susceptible cv. Chasselas. Comparing different inducers, the best protection was achieved with BABA followed by jasmonic acid (JA), whereas benzo (1,2,3)-thiadiazole-7-carbothionic acid-S-methyl ester (a salicylic acid [SA] analog) and abscisic acid (ABA) treatment did not increase the resistance significantly. Marker genes for the SA and JA pathways showed potentiated expression patterns in BABA-treated plants following infection. The callose synthesis inhibitor 2-deoxy-D-glucose partially suppressed BABA- and JA-induced resistance against P viticola in Chasselas. Application of the phenylalanine ammonia lyase inhibitor 2-aminoindan-2-phosphonic acid and the lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitor 5, 8, 11, 14-eicosatetraynoic acid (ETYA) also led to a reduction of BABA-induced resistance (BABA-IR), suggesting that callose deposition as well as defense mechanisms depending on phenylpropanoids and the JA pathways all contribute to BABA-IR. The similar phenotype of BABA- and JA-induced resistance, the potentiated expression pattern of JA-regulated genes (LOX-9 and PR-4) following BABA treatment, and the suppression of BABA-IR with ETYA suggest an involvement of the JA pathway in BABA-IR of grapevine leading to a primed deposition of callose and lignin around the infection sites.

Beta-aminobutyric acid-induced resistance in grapevine against downy mildew: involvement of pterostilbene

“…Previous work in our group has shown that BABA induced resistance against P. viticola in both the susceptible Chasselas and the resistant Solaris cultivars of grapevine. This observed resistance in BABA-primed Chasselas plants as well as the basal resistance of Solaris depended to a large extent on the deposition of callose, which was positively correlated with BABA-and jasmonic acid-induced resistance (Hamiduzzaman et al 2005). Here, we looked at the involvement of phytoalexins and investigated three genes involved in the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway in BABA-IR in grapevine against downy mildew.…”

“…As shown above, the phenylpropanoid pathway leading to the accumulation of phytoalexins as well as lignification has a major influence on the expression of resistance. However, the plants have also the possibility to mount other early defenses such as callose deposition at the stomatal entry points Hamiduzzaman et al 2005). Since the addition of the PAL inhibitor AIP does not significantly compromise BABA-IR in Solaris (Hamiduzzaman et al 2005), it seems likely that the contribution of callose deposition can compensate for the lack of phenylpropanoid pathway products.…”

“…BABA-mediated resistance is therefore most likely to be based on the activation of host resistance mechanisms. Recently, in grapevine, it has been shown that callose deposition as well as defence mechanisms depending on the phenylpropanoid and the jasmonic acid (JA) pathways all contributed to BABA-IR (Hamiduzzaman et al 2005).…”

Identification of genes expressed during the compatible interaction of grapevine with Plasmopara viticola through suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH)

“…Although a number of studies describe the biology of the infection process of grapevine by P. viticola (Allegre et al 2007;Kortekamp 2005;Musetti et al 2007;Unger et al 2007;Werner et al 2002) and the characterisation of defence reactions in susceptible and resistant grapevines (Dai et al 1995;Gindro et al 2003;Kortekamp 2006, Kortekamp andZyprian 2003) or their response to inducers of defence reactions (Aziz et al 2003;Hamiduzzaman et al 2005;Trouvelot et al 2008), a large-scale analysis of P. viticola and grapevine interaction has not been reported.…”

Beta-aminobutyric acid-induced resistance in grapevine against downy mildew: involvement of pterostilbene

“…Cuttings from both cultivars were either soil drenched with an aqueous solution of BABA (1 mM) or with water (Hamiduzzaman et al 2005) 2 days prior to inoculation with P. viticola. For the inoculum, leaves infected with P. viticola were harvested and sporangia were collected by vacuum aspiration, as described by Gindro et al (2003).…”