Zwitterionic near infrared fluorescent agents for noninvasive real-time transcutaneous assessment of kidney function

Abstract

Zwitterionic near infrared fluorescent agents were developed for non-invasive real-time transcutaneous assessment of kidney function.

Light‐Emitting Agents for Noninvasive Assessment of Kidney Function

“…Plasma clearance curves of AAZWCY–HPβCD: c) in the absence of any treatment, d) in the presence of probenecid, and e) in the presence of cimetidine by transcutaneous measurements in healthy rats. f) Clearance half‐lives of ABZWCY–HPβCD and AAZWCY–HPβCD in the absence and presence of probenecid or cimetidine treatment . Reprinted with permission from Ref.…”

“…One of the major obstacles encountered with noninvasive real‐time transcutaneous assessment of kidney function in vivo upon using the aforementioned fluorescent GFR agents is strong intrinsic background autofluorescence from living tissue because of their short emission wavelength in the blue and green regions of the spectrum ( λ <600 nm), which significantly compromises the accuracy of the measurements under physiological conditions. However, the absorption coefficient of tissue in the near‐infrared (NIR) region ( λ =650–900 nm) is greatly suppressed to a minimum level, which thus drastically reduces the disturbances and noise from autofluorescence and increases tissue penetration . Therefore, it is highly desirable to develop GFR agents in the NIR optical window for transcutaneous assessment of kidney function.…”

“…For example, the PPB of the commercial anionic dye IRDye800CW (Figure a) is as high as 41 %. Although kidney clearance of IRDye800CW can be determined by multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT), its plasma clearance curves have no decay at 90 min postinjection upon using transcutaneous measurements . These studies further confirm that rapid accumulation and long retention of conventional organic fluorophores in the skin is a dilemma for the noninvasive transcutaneous measurement of renal function.…”

“… Structures of commercial cyanine dyes (ICG and IRDye800CW), zwitterionic cyanine dyes (ABZWCY and AAZWCY), and HPβCD‐based NIR agents . Reprinted with permission from Ref.…”

“…However,t he absorption coefficient of tissue in the near-infrared (NIR) region (l = 650-900 nm) is greatly suppressed to am inimum level, which thus drastically reduces the disturbancesa nd noise from autofluorescence and increases tissue penetration. [35] Therefore, it is highly desirable to develop GFR agents in the NIR optical window for transcutaneous assessment of kidney function. Recently,s everal studies have revealed that conventional organic fluorophores can persistently accumulate in the lipid membranes of the skin after intravenous injection because of their high lipophilicity.…”