ZVI (Fe0) Desalination: Stability of Product Water

Antia, David D. J.

doi:10.3390/resources5010015

Cited by 18 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 140 publications

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“…A conceptual framework is presented for future research directed towards a more processed understanding.Sustainability 2019, 11, 671 2 of 20 organic [27,28], fluoride [29][30][31], heavy metals [32,33], nitrate [34,35], pathogens [36][37][38] and radionuclides [32,39]. The desalination of water using Fe 0 has also been reported [40][41][42][43]. The two key advantages of Fe 0 are its affordability and its universal availability (iron nails, scrap iron and steel wool) [9,10,44,45].…”

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confidence: 99%

The Impact of Selected Pretreatment Procedures on Iron Dissolution from Metallic Iron Specimens Used in Water Treatment

Ndé-Tchoupé

Lufingo

et al. 2019

Sustainability

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Studies were undertaken to determine the reasons why published information regarding the efficiency of metallic iron (Fe 0 ) for water treatment is conflicting and even confusing. The reactivity of eight Fe 0 materials was characterized by Fe dissolution in a dilute solution of ethylenediaminetetraacetate (Na 2 -EDTA; 2 mM). Both batch (4 days) and column (100 days) experiments were used. A total of 30 different systems were characterized for the extent of Fe release in EDTA. The effects of Fe 0 type (granular iron, iron nails and steel wool) and pretreatment procedure (socking in acetone, EDTA, H 2 O, HCl and NaCl for 17 h) were assessed. The results roughly show an increased iron dissolution with increasing reactive sites (decreasing particle size: wool > filings > nails), but there were large differences between materials from the same group. The main output of this work is that available results are hardly comparable as they were achieved under very different experimental conditions. A conceptual framework is presented for future research directed towards a more processed understanding.Sustainability 2019, 11, 671 2 of 20 organic [27,28], fluoride [29][30][31], heavy metals [32,33], nitrate [34,35], pathogens [36][37][38] and radionuclides [32,39]. The desalination of water using Fe 0 has also been reported [40][41][42][43]. The two key advantages of Fe 0 are its affordability and its universal availability (iron nails, scrap iron and steel wool) [9,10,44,45]. It is commonly reported that the major drawback of Fe 0 -based technologies for water treatment is the low intrinsic reactivity of granular materials [28,33,46]. This situation is said to be aggravated by the inherent generation of an oxide scale at the Fe 0 surface (passivation). Countermeasures to overcome Fe 0 passivation were recently reviewed by Guan et al. [28] and further discussed by Noubactep [47]. It is recalled that, considering passivation as a "curse" contradicts the evidence that Fe 0 -based subsurface permeable barriers have been successfully working for more than one decade [48][49][50]. On the other hand, increased "passivation" should have occurred in the spongy iron filters in Antwerpen as well [2,19]. Clarifying this contradiction is certainly a progress for the whole Fe 0 technology. Clearly, an understanding of the role of "passivation" in the process of decontamination using Fe 0 should be useful for enhancing the system's efficiency in practice [30,31,47].There is an agreement on the evidence that using Fe 0 for water treatment and environmental remediation is "putting corrosion to use" [51][52][53]. There is otherwise a contradiction on practically any other aspect concerning the Fe 0 /H 2 O system, including the reaction mechanisms and factors determining the long-term efficiency of such systems [9,28,47,[54][55][56][57][58]. A key reason for this is the large variability of experimental conditions used in testing Fe 0 materials [58][59][60][61][62]. The main influencing operational parameter seems to be Fe 0 itself [58,61,63,6...

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confidence: 99%

The Impact of Selected Pretreatment Procedures on Iron Dissolution from Metallic Iron Specimens Used in Water Treatment

Ndé-Tchoupé

Lufingo

et al. 2019

Sustainability

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“…Most irrigated crops have a low sales value ($/ha, or $/t) and are unable to economically sustain a high desalination cost ($/m 3 ) for irrigated water. The unsubsidized, delivered cost of potable quality desalinated water (from a conventional desalination plant) may fall within the range $3 to $100/m 3 [16,17]. The incremental sales value (excluding operating, harvesting and storage costs) added by the use of desalinated water will be site specific.…”

Section: Maximum Sustainable Desalination Cost For Saline Irrigation mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has recently (2010) been discovered that Zero Valent Iron (Fe 0 , ZVI) could be used to partially desalinate water [16,17,[33][34][35][36][37][38]. The potential, unsubsidized, delivery cost of this partially desalinated water may be less than $0.1/m 3 [16,17].…”

Section: Zero Valent Ironmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Provision of Desalinated Irrigation Water by the Desalination of Groundwater within a Saline Aquifer

Antia¹

2016

Hydrology

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Irrigated land accounts for 70% of global water usage and 30% of global agricultural production. Forty percent of this water is derived from groundwater. Approximately 20%-30% of the groundwater sources are saline and 20%-50% of global irrigation water is salinized. Salinization reduces crop yields and the number of crop varieties which can be grown on an arable holding. Structured ZVI (zero valent iron, Fe 0 pellets desalinate water by storing the removed ions as halite (NaCl) within their porosity. This allows an "Aquifer Treatment Zone" to be created within an aquifer, (penetrated by a number of wells (containing ZVI pellets)). This zone is used to supply partially desalinated water directly from a saline aquifer. A modeled reconfigured aquifer producing a continuous flow (e.g., 20 m 3 /day, 7300 m 3 /a) of partially desalinated irrigation water is used to illustrate the impact of porosity, permeability, aquifer heterogeneity, abstraction rate, Aquifer Treatment Zone size, aquifer thickness, optional reinjection, leakage and flow bypass on the product water salinity. This desalination approach has no operating costs (other than abstraction costs (and ZVI regeneration)) and may potentially be able to deliver a continuous flow of partially desalinated water (30%-80% NaCl reduction) for $0.05-0.5/m 3 .

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“…However, low-grade energy (i.e., low-to medium-temperature heat, up to 400 °C) is harder to control, dissipates faster, and has lower exergy; entropy generation is more significant in thermal desalination plants [56][57][58]. One way to compensate for this energy inefficiency in thermal desalination is maximizing the latent heat recovery within the design or coupling the thermal plant with other There are two groups of desalination currently in use: physical processes, such as reverse osmosis (RO), and chemical processes, such as the newer zerovalent iron (ZVI) technology, discovered in 2010 and just starting to be commercialized [11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. Throughout this study, desalination has been mainly reviewed as a purely physical process: the physical separation of salt and water [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Looking Beyond Energy Efficiency: An Applied Review of Water Desalination Technologies and an Introduction to Capillary-Driven Desalination

Ahmadvand

Abbasi

Azarfar

et al. 2019

Water

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Most notable emerging water desalination technologies and related publications, as examined by the authors, investigate opportunities to increase energy efficiency of the process. In this paper, the authors reason that improving energy efficiency is only one route to produce more cost-effective potable water with fewer emissions. In fact, the grade of energy that is used to desalinate water plays an equally important role in its economic viability and overall emission reduction. This paper provides a critical review of desalination strategies with emphasis on means of using low-grade energy rather than solely focusing on reaching the thermodynamic energy limit. Herein, it is argued that large-scale commercial desalination technologies have by-and-large reached their engineering potential. They are now mostly limited by the fundamental process design rather than process optimization, which has very limited room for improvement without foundational change to the process itself. The conventional approach toward more energy efficient water desalination is to shift from thermal technologies to reverse osmosis (RO). However, RO suffers from three fundamental issues: (1) it is very sensitive to high-salinity water, (2) it is not suitable for zero liquid discharge and is therefore environmentally challenging, and (3) it is not compatible with low-grade energy. From extensive research and review of existing commercial and lab-scale technologies, the authors propose that a fundamental shift is needed to make water desalination more affordable and economical. Future directions may include novel ideas such as taking advantage of energy localization, surficial/interfacial evaporation, and capillary action. Here, some emerging technologies are discussed along with the viability of incorporating low-grade energy and its economic consequences. Finally, a new process is discussed and characterized for water desalination driven by capillary action. The latter has great significance for using low-grade energy and its substantial potential to generate salinity/blue energy.

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ZVI (Fe0) Desalination: Stability of Product Water

Cited by 18 publications

References 140 publications

The Impact of Selected Pretreatment Procedures on Iron Dissolution from Metallic Iron Specimens Used in Water Treatment

The Impact of Selected Pretreatment Procedures on Iron Dissolution from Metallic Iron Specimens Used in Water Treatment

Provision of Desalinated Irrigation Water by the Desalination of Groundwater within a Saline Aquifer

Looking Beyond Energy Efficiency: An Applied Review of Water Desalination Technologies and an Introduction to Capillary-Driven Desalination

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