Lakes undergoing major changes in phytoplankton species composition are likely to undergo changes in carbon (C) cycling. In this study we used stable C isotopes to understand how the C cycle of Lake Kinneret, Israel, responded to documented changes in phytoplankton species composition. We compared the annual δ 13 C cycle of particulate organic matter from surface water (POM surf ) between (1) years in which a massive spring bloom of the dinoflagellate Peridinium gatunense occurred (Peridinium years) and (2) years in which it did not (non-Peridinium years). In nonPeridinium years, the spring δ 13 C-POM surf maxima were lower by 3.3‰. These spring δ 13 C maxima were even lower in POM sinking into sediment traps and in zooplankton (lower by 6.8 and 6.9‰, respectively). These differences in the isotopic composition of the major organic C components in the lake represent ecosystem-level responses to the presence or absence of the key blooming species P. gatunense. When present, the intensive, almost monospecific bloom lowers the concentrations of CO 2(aq) , causing a reduction in the isotopic fractionation of the algae (higher δ 13 C of POM surf ) and massive precipitation of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ). In non-Peridinium years, the phytoplankton cannot deplete CO 2(aq) to similar levels; the algae maintain higher isotopic fractionation, leading to lower δ 13 C maxima. These changes are reflected higher up in the food web (zooplankton) and in sedimenting organic matter. The consequences for the ecosystem in non-Peridinium years are lower export of both organic and inorganic C.