Zoonotic trypanosomes in South East Asia: Attempts to control Trypanosoma lewisi using veterinary drugs

Desquesnes, Marc; Yangtara, Sarawut; Kunphukhieo, Pawinee; Chalermwong, Piangjai; Jittapalapong, Sathaporn; Herder, Stéphane

doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2016.03.009

Cited by 9 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Although it is specific to a single vertebrate host of the Rattus genus, it could be transmitted by a wide variety of flea vectors such as X. cheopis , Nosopsyllus fasciatus , Ctenocephalides canis , and Ctenocephalides felis [ 6 ]. Rats are infected with T. lewisi primarily through oral route transmission, most commonly by flea ingestion during fur grooming [ 16 ]. Although T. lewisi is considered non-pathogenic in rodents, it has been documented to cause disease in humans on rare occasions in a suitable environment, host, and organism [ 8 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of zoonotic-borne parasites in Rattus spp. in Klang Valley, Malaysia

et al. 2022

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Background and Aim: Rattus spp. are the most common animals capable of adapting to their environment. They can be reservoirs or vectors of diseases that facilitate the transmission of zoonotic-borne parasites to humans. Hence, a study on the detection of parasites in rat populations in urban areas is crucial to prepare for emerging zoonosis. Therefore, this study aims to identify blood parasites, ectoparasites, and helminths in Rattus spp. from wet markets located in Klang Valley, an urban area with a high-density human population. Materials and Methods: A total of 32 rats were trapped in several wet markets in Klang Valley, Malaysia. They were anesthetized for morphometric examination followed by exsanguination. Various parasitological techniques such as perianal tape test, simple flotation, direct examination of the intestine, and fecal smear were performed for intestinal parasite detection; hair plucking, skin scraping, and full body combing for ectoparasite identification; and blood smear, microhematocrit centrifugation, and buffy coat techniques for blood parasite detection. Results: The rats were identified as Rattus rattus (71.9%) and Rattus norvegicus (28.1%). The only blood protozoan found was Trypanosoma lewisi. The ectoparasites identified belonged to two broad groups, mites (Laelaps spp. and Ornithonyssus spp.) and fleas (Xenopsylla cheopis), known to be parasitic zoonotic disease vectors. The zoonotic intestinal parasites were cestodes (Hymenolepis nana), nematodes (Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, Strongyloides spp., Trichuris spp., Capillaria spp., and Syphacia spp.), and intestinal protozoa (coccidian oocysts and Giardia spp.). Microscopic images showing Giardia spp. are the first report of this organism in rats in Malaysia. Conclusion: Rats caught in this urban area of the Klang Valley harbor parasites can pose a potential zoonotic threat to humans, raising public health concerns because of their proximity to densely populated urban areas.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of zoonotic-borne parasites in Rattus spp. in Klang Valley, Malaysia

et al. 2022

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“…Finally, it should also be mentioned that several reports in the past have indicated the existence of a-HT caused by the stercorarian T. lewisi parasite ( 119 ). Here, resistance to NHS lysis was correlated with resistance to human ApoL1 as well.…”

Section: Adaptations Of Animal Infective Trypanosomes To Human Hostmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Despite to co-occurrence of several variants, later-stage parasitaemia peaks usually have a reduced magnitude in terms of actual parasite numbers as various non-B cell defense systems aid in parasiteamia control [upper panel, adapted from ( 134 )]. The lower panel schematically represent the finding that onset of infection is followed by a rapid depletion of the MZ B cell compartment (purple), followed by a gradual destruction of the FoB cell compartment (red) ( 116 , 119 ). While the initially host immune response generates effector Plasma B cells, later waves of newly arising parasite variants fail to be efficiently depleted due to the impaired capacity of the host to deliver a renewed Plasma B cell response (green).…”

Section: The Role Of B Cells and Antibodies In Salivarian Trypanosomomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Experimental infections in mice have shown that trypanosomes can destroy non-related DTPa induced vaccine responses (upper panel). Vaccinated mice that have been confronted with trypanosomes fail to clear diphtheria bacteria from their lungs, even when the bacterial challenge is performed after the trypanosome infection has been cleared by drug treatment [adapted from ( 119 )]. Indeed is was shown that while the commercial vaccine Boostrix® provides significant protection against a B. pertussis challenge (green bar: vaccinated, blue bar: non-vaccinated), exposure to trypanosomes abrogated vaccine-induced protection (red bar).…”

Section: The Role Of B Cells and Antibodies In Salivarian Trypanosomomentioning

confidence: 99%

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Salivarian Trypanosomosis: A Review of Parasites Involved, Their Global Distribution and Their Interaction With the Innate and Adaptive Mammalian Host Immune System

et al. 2018

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Salivarian trypanosomes are single cell extracellular parasites that cause infections in a wide range of hosts. Most pathogenic infections worldwide are caused by one of four major species of trypanosomes including (i) Trypanosoma brucei and the human infective subspecies T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense, (ii) Trypanosoma evansi and T. equiperdum, (iii) Trypanosoma congolense and (iv) Trypanosoma vivax. Infections with these parasites are marked by excessive immune dysfunction and immunopathology, both related to prolonged inflammatory host immune responses. Here we review the classification and global distribution of these parasites, highlight the adaptation of human infective trypanosomes that allow them to survive innate defense molecules unique to man, gorilla, and baboon serum and refer to the discovery of sexual reproduction of trypanosomes in the tsetse vector. With respect to the immunology of mammalian host-parasite interactions, the review highlights recent findings with respect to the B cell destruction capacity of trypanosomes and the role of T cells in the governance of infection control. Understanding infection-associated dysfunction and regulation of both these immune compartments is crucial to explain the continued failures of anti-trypanosome vaccine developments as well as the lack of any field-applicable vaccine based anti-trypanosomosis intervention strategy. Finally, the link between infection-associated inflammation and trypanosomosis induced anemia is covered in the context of both livestock and human infections.

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“…However, till date, none of trypanocidal drugs (diminazene aceturate, isometamidium chloride, melarsomine hydrochloride and quinapyramine) used in veterinary were found effective against T . lewisi (Desquesnes, Yangtara, Kunphukhieo, Chalermwong et al., 2016). Similarly, human anti‐trypanosomal drugs such as suramin, pentamidine, eflornithine, nifurtimox, benznidazole and fexinidazole were also recorded as ineffective against T. lewisi (Desquesnes et al., 2016).…”

Section: Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atypical human trypanosomosis: Potentially emerging disease with lack of understanding

Kumar

Gupta

Bhutia

et al. 2022

Zoonoses and Public Health

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Trypanosomes are the hemoflagellate kinetoplastid protozoan parasites affecting a wide range of vertebrate hosts having insufficient host specificity. Climatic change, deforestation, globalization, trade agreements, close association and genetic selection in links with environmental, vector, reservoir and potential susceptible hosts' parameters have led to emergence of atypical human trypanosomosis (a-HT). Poor recording of such neglected tropical disease, low awareness in health professions and farming community has approached a serious intimidation for mankind. Reports of animal Trypanosoma species are now gradually increasing in humans, and lack of any compiled literature has diluted the issue. In the present review, global reports of livestock and rodent trypanosomes reported from human beings are assembled and discrepancies with the available literature are discussed along with morphological features of Trypanosoma species. We have described 21 human cases from the published information. Majority of cases 10 (47%) are due to T. lewisi, followed by 5 (24%) cases of T. evansi, 4 (19%) cases of T. brucei and 1 (5%) case each of T. vivax and T. congolense. Indian subcontinent witnessed 13 cases of a-HT, of which 9 cases are reported from India, which includes 7 cases of T. lewisi and 2 cases of T. evansi. Apart from, a-HT case reports, epidemiological investigation and treatment aspects are also discussed. An attempt has been made to provide an overview of the current situation of atypical human trypanosomosis caused by salivarian animal Trypanosoma globally.The probable role of Trypanosoma lytic factors (TLF) present in normal human serum (NHS) in providing innate immunity against salivarian animal Trypanosoma species and the existing paradox in medical science after the finding on intact functional apolipoprotein L1 (ApoL1) in Vietnam T. evansi Type A case is also discussed to provide an update on all aspects of a-HT. Insufficient data and poor reporting in Asian and African countries are the major hurdle resulting in under-reporting of a-HT, which is a potential emerging threat. Therefore, concerted efforts must be directed to address attentiveness, preparedness and regular surveillance in suspected areas with training of field technicians, medical health professionals and veterinarians. Enhancing a one health approach is specifically important in case of trypanosomosis.

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Zoonotic trypanosomes in South East Asia: Attempts to control Trypanosoma lewisi using veterinary drugs

Cited by 9 publications

References 23 publications

Detection of zoonotic-borne parasites in Rattus spp. in Klang Valley, Malaysia

Detection of zoonotic-borne parasites in Rattus spp. in Klang Valley, Malaysia

Salivarian Trypanosomosis: A Review of Parasites Involved, Their Global Distribution and Their Interaction With the Innate and Adaptive Mammalian Host Immune System

Atypical human trypanosomosis: Potentially emerging disease with lack of understanding

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