Zoonotic Thelazia californiensis in dogs from New Mexico, USA, and a review of North American cases in animals and humans

Sobotyk, Caroline; Foster, Tania; Callahan, R Trey; McLean, Nancy Johnstone; Verocai, Guilherme G.

doi:10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100553

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Two newly haplotypes of T. californiensis were herein delineated by the cox 1 gene. These sequences ( cox 1 accession number: MW055239-40) were from male and female worms isolated simultaneously from the same dog 24 . Sequence comparison revealed the presence of up to six transitions (i.e., three A>G, two T>C and one C>T) and one transversion (i.e., T>A).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…D2-1, GenBank accession number: AB852551), two other distinct haplotypes of zoonotic T. californiensis were described in the present study, expanding our knowledge on the species diversity. These two newly haplotypes of T. californiensis were from male and female worms isolated simultaneously from the same dog in New Mexico, USA 24 . Similarly, two T. callipaeda haplotypes were also detected in a single human patient in China 13 likely due to the exposure to multiple haplotypes circulating in the infected drosophilid flies 13 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic and geographical delineation of zoonotic vector-borne helminths of canids

Laidoudi

Bedjaoui

Latrofa

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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Several zoonotic vector-borne helminths (VBHs) infesting canids cause serious veterinary and medical diseases worldwide. Increasing the knowledge about their genetic structures is pivotal to identify them and therefore to settle effective surveillance and control measures. To overcome the limitation due to the heterogeneity of large DNA sequence-datasets used for their genetic characterization, available cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) (n = 546) and the 12S rRNA (n = 280) sequences were examined using combined bioinformatic approach (i.e., distance-clustering, maximum likelihood phylogeny and phylogenetic evolutionary placement). Out of the 826 DNA available sequences from GenBank, 94.7% were characterized at the haplotype level regardless sequence size, completeness and/or their position. A total of 89 different haplotypes were delineated either by cox1 (n = 35), 12S rRNA (n = 21) or by both genes (n = 33), for 14 VBHs (e.g., Acanthocheilonema reconditum, Brugia spp., Dirofilaria immitis, Dirofilaria repens, Onchocerca lupi and Thelazia spp.). Overall, the present approach could be useful for studying global genetic diversity and phylogeography of VBHs. However, as barcoding sequences were restricted to two mitochondrial loci (cox1 and 12S rRNA), the haplotype delineation proposed herein should be confirmed by the characterization of other nuclear loci also to overcome potential limitations caused by the heteroplasmy phenomenon within the mitogenome of VBHs.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic and geographical delineation of zoonotic vector-borne helminths of canids

Laidoudi

Bedjaoui

Latrofa

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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“…We subjected a female worm to DNA extraction and multilocus PCR (18S rRNA, 12S rRNA, and cytochrome oxidase c subunit 1 [ cox1 ] gene markers) by using assays described previously ( 4 , 11 ), followed by sequencing. The partial sequences generated for 18S rRNA matched 99.7%, 12S rRNA 99.4%, and cox1 genes 93.3%–100% of the corresponding genes of T. callipaeda worms in GenBank.…”

Section: The Casementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Europe, the T. callipaeda eye worm is an emergent vectorborne helminth that has spread steadily across all countries over the past 3 decades ( 2 ). The California eye worm ( T. californiensis ) has been reportedly found in wild and domestic carnivores, ungulates, lagomorphs, and humans; its range is limited to the western United States ( 4 ). Zoonotic infection of humans with a third species of eye worm ( T. gulosa ), which infects cattle, has recently been reported in the western United States ( 5 ).…”

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confidence: 99%

Autochthonous Thelazia callipaeda Infection in Dog, New York, USA, 2020

Schwartz¹,

Lejeune²,

Verocai³

et al. 2021

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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T helaziasis in dogs can be caused by 2 nematodes of the genus Thelazia (Nematoda: Spirurida): T. callipaeda and T. californiensis (1). The oriental eye worm (T. callipaeda) is a helminth that infects a variety of domestic and wild carnivores, lagomorphs, rodents, and primates (including humans) across Eurasia (2,3). In Europe, the T. callipaeda eye worm is an emergent vectorborne helminth that has spread steadily across all countries over the past 3 decades (2). The California eye worm (T. californiensis) has been reportedly found in wild and domestic carnivores, ungulates, lagomorphs, and humans; its range is limited to the western United States (4). Zoonotic infection of humans with a third species of eye worm (T. gulosa), which infects cattle, has recently been reported in the western United States (5). These 3 species of Thelazia eye worm with zoonotic potential are morphologically and biologically distinct (1,5,6).Thelazia nematodes are found in the conjunctival recesses of the eye (1). Secretophagous dipteran intermediate hosts (1,7) ingest fi rst-stage larvae (L1) while feeding from the defi nitive host's eyes. After metamorphosis, infective third-stage larvae (L3) are passed via the labelum onto the conjunctiva of another suitable host. L3 develop into adults that migrate to the conjunctival recess, lacrimal ducts, or both, resulting in conjunctivitis, ocular discharge, and blepharospasm. Female worms release more L1, seeding ocular secretions of the host, and conclude the life cycle (1,2). Intermediate hosts for Thelazia nematodes are dipteran fl ies of the genera Phortica for T. callipaeda, Fannia for T. californiensis, and Musca for T. gulosa (1,5,7,8). P. variegata fruit fl ies are widely distributed across Eurasia and have been found in multiple areas in the eastern United States (9). In North America, they have been experimentally proven to be competent vectors for T. callipaeda worms (10), supporting the potential occurrence of T. callipaeda infection in the United States (2). We report T. callipaeda eye worm infection detected in a dog in the Western Hemisphere in November 2020.

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“…Three species of Fanniidae, Fannia canicularis, Fannia benjamini, and Fannia thelaziae, have been implicated as the vector of the eye worm Thelazia californiensis by ingesting L1 larvae while feeding on lacrimal secretions. These larvae mature into L3 infectious larvae within the fly and are transmitted to a new host while feeding on lacrimal secretions ( 50 ). However, we hypothesize it is unlikely these serve as competent O. lupi vectors as they were present only at a single trap site.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) as putative vectors of zoonotic Onchocerca lupi (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) in northern Arizona and New Mexico, southwestern United States

Roe,

Holiday,

Upshaw-Bia

et al. 2023

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Onchocerca lupi (Rodonaja, 1967) is an understudied, vector-borne, filarioid nematode that causes ocular onchocercosis in dogs, cats, coyotes, wolves, and is also capable of infecting humans. Onchocercosis in dogs has been reported with increasing incidence worldwide. However, despite the growing number of reports describing canine O. lupi cases as well as zoonotic infections globally, the disease prevalence in endemic areas and vector species of this parasite remains largely unknown. Here, our study aimed to identify the occurrence of O. lupi infected dogs in northern Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah, United States and identify the vector of this nematode. A total of 532 skin samples from randomly selected companion animals with known geographic locations within the Navajo Reservation were collected and molecularly surveyed by PCR for the presence of O. lupi DNA (September 2019–June 2022) using previously published nematode primers (COI) and DNA sequencing. O. lupi DNA was detected in 50 (9.4%) sampled animals throughout the reservation. Using positive animal samples to target geographic locations, pointed hematophagous insect trapping was performed to identify potential O. lupi vectors. Out of 1,922 insects screened, 38 individual insects and 19 insect pools tested positive for the presence of O. lupi, all of which belong to the Diptera family. This increased surveillance of definitive host and biological vector/intermediate host is the first large scale prevalence study of O. lupi in companion animals in an endemic area of the United States, and identified an overall prevalence of 9.4% in companion animals as well as multiple likely biological vector and putative vector species in the southwestern United States. Furthermore, the identification of these putative vectors in close proximity to human populations coupled with multiple, local zoonotic cases highlight the One Health importance of O. lupi.

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Zoonotic Thelazia californiensis in dogs from New Mexico, USA, and a review of North American cases in animals and humans

Cited by 4 publications

References 31 publications

Genetic and geographical delineation of zoonotic vector-borne helminths of canids

Genetic and geographical delineation of zoonotic vector-borne helminths of canids

Autochthonous Thelazia callipaeda Infection in Dog, New York, USA, 2020

Biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) as putative vectors of zoonotic Onchocerca lupi (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) in northern Arizona and New Mexico, southwestern United States

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