Zoonotic poxviruses

Eßbauer, Sandra; Pfeffer, Martin; Meyer, Hermann

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.08.026

Cited by 279 publications

(313 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Cowpox virus (CPXV) is an OPV in the Poxviridae family causing the majority of OPV infections in Eurasia in both humans and rodents [11]. Wild rodents are considered the main reservoir hosts [5], although human transmission often occurs from companion animals such as rats and via intermediate domestic pets such as cats [40].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis, Ljungan and orthopoxvirus seroconversions in patients hospitalized due to acute Puumala hantavirus infection

Fevola

Forbes

Mäkelä

et al. 2016

Journal of Clinical Virology

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a b s t r a c tBackground: The emergence and re-emergence of zoonotic and vector-borne diseases are increasing in Europe. Prominent rodent-borne zoonotic viruses include Puumala hantavirus (PUUV; the causative agent of nephropathia epidemica, NE), lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), and orthopoxviruses (OPV). In addition, Ljungan virus (LV) is considered a potentially zoonotic virus. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare clinical picture between acute PUUV patients with and without additional rodent-borne viral infections, to investigate if concurrent infections influence disease severity. Study design: We evaluated seroprevalence of and seroconversions to LCMV, LV and OPV in 116 patients hospitalized for NE. Clinical and laboratory variables were closely monitored during hospital care. Results: A total of five LCMV, 15 LV, and one OPV seroconversions occurred. NE patients with LCMV seroconversions were younger, and had lower plasma creatinine concentrations and platelet counts than patients without LCMV seroconversions. No differences occurred in clinical or laboratory findings between patients with and without seroconversions to LV and OPV. We report, for the first time, LCMV seroprevalence in Finland, with 8.5% of NE patients seropositive for this virus. Seroprevalences for LV and OPV were 47.8% and 32.4%, respectively. Conclusion: Cases with LCMV seroconversions were statistically younger, had milder acute kidney injury and more severe thrombocytopenia than patients without LCMV. However, the low number of seroconversion cases precludes firm conclusions. Concurrent LV or OPV infections do not appear to influence clinical picture for NE patients.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis, Ljungan and orthopoxvirus seroconversions in patients hospitalized due to acute Puumala hantavirus infection

Fevola

Forbes

Mäkelä

et al. 2016

Journal of Clinical Virology

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“…The genome encodes for 130 proteins classified as early, intermediate early and late proteins [7,20]. The virus has a worldwide distribution [22] with an incidence of up to 90 % [6]. Both young and adult animals are susceptible to the virus infection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and phylogenetic analysis of caprine Orf virus in Malaysia

et al. 2015

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Orf virus is a DNA virus that causes contiguous ecthyma in goat and sheep. Infection of animals with this virus cause high mortality in young animals resulting in huge economic losses. In this study, we investigated an outbreak of Orf in a goat farm in Malaysia. Samples were collected from infected animals and viral isolation was done using both LT and MDCK cell lines. Molecular detection was done by conventional PCR for specific primers; B2L and F1L genes and phylogenetic analysis was done on the sequence data obtained. Cytopathic effects (CPE) were observed in both cell lines after 3 days of inoculation and were 50 % by the sixth day. PCR showed positive bands for both B2L and F1L genes and phylogenetic analysis showed that the Malaysian strain had close homology to the Chinese and Indian Orf virus isolates. This study gives more insight into the existing Orf viral strains in Malaysia and their relationship with other strains globally.

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“…On the one hand, VARV, which is restricted to humans, has no known natural reservoir and is less pathogenic to nonhuman primates. On the other hand, CPXV with a known reservoir in rodents has a broad host range and is responsible for lethal CPXV infections in different animal species and even humans (Essbauer et al, 2010;EisHübinger et al, 1990). The combination of the CPXV strain and host seems to play an important role in pathogenesis and disease outcome.…”

Section: Species-specific Pathogenicity and Host Range Phenomenamentioning

confidence: 99%

Limited susceptibility of rhesus macaques to a cowpox virus isolated from a lethal outbreak among New World monkeys

et al. 2017

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Abstract. This study was undertaken to investigate the susceptibility of rhesus monkeys to the calpox virus, an orthopoxvirus (OPXV) of the Cowpox virus species (CPXV), which is uniformly lethal in common marmosets. Six rhesus monkeys were either intravenously (i.v.) or intranasally (i.n.) exposed to the virus. Monitoring of the macaques after viral exposure included physical examinations, the determination of viral load by real-time PCR and plaque assay, and the analysis of humoral responses. Two i.v. inoculated animals developed numerous classical pox lesions that started after inoculation at days 7 and 10. Both animals became viremic and seroconverted. They exhibited maximal numbers of lesions of approximately 50 and 140 by day 21. One animal completely recovered, while the other one suffered from a phlegmonous inflammation of a leg initially induced by a secondarily infected pox lesion and was euthanized for animal welfare reasons. In contrast to previous pathogenicity studies with the calpox virus in marmosets, none of the four animals inoculated intranasally with doses of the calpox virus exceeding those used in marmosets by orders of magnitude showed typical clinical symptoms. No viral DNA was detectable in the blood of those animals, but three animals seroconverted. In two of these three animals, infectious virus was sporadically isolated from saliva. This indicates that rhesus monkeys are less susceptible to calpox virus infection, which limits their use in further intervention studies with OPXV.

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Zoonotic poxviruses

Cited by 279 publications

References 54 publications

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis, Ljungan and orthopoxvirus seroconversions in patients hospitalized due to acute Puumala hantavirus infection

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis, Ljungan and orthopoxvirus seroconversions in patients hospitalized due to acute Puumala hantavirus infection

Isolation and phylogenetic analysis of caprine Orf virus in Malaysia

Limited susceptibility of rhesus macaques to a cowpox virus isolated from a lethal outbreak among New World monkeys

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