Zoonotic Hepatitis E

Pavio, Nicole; Bouquet, Jérôme

doi:10.1002/9781118297469.ch24

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 121 publications

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“…Anti-HEV antibodies have also been detected in a large range of other animal species, including wild boars, deer, moose, rats, dogs, cats, mongooses, cows, sheep, goats, avian species, rabbits, bats and horses. Transmission from animals to humans is documented through direct and indirect evidence in many countries, but many animal species carry strains of HEV that are unrelated to those associated with zoonotic infection (Montalvo Villalba et al, 2013;Pavio and Bouquet, 2014;Lin et al, 2015;Khuroo et al, 2016;Roth et al, 2016).…”

Section: Hev Occurrence In Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Public health risks associated with hepatitis E virus (HEV) as a food‐borne pathogen

Ricci¹,

Allende²,

Bolton³

et al. 2017

EFS2

111

107

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an important infection in humans in EU/EEA countries, and over the last 10 years more than 21,000 acute clinical cases with 28 fatalities have been notified with an overall 10-fold increase in reported HEV cases; the majority (80%) of cases were reported from France, Germany and the UK. However, as infection in humans is not notifiable in all Member States, and surveillance differs between countries, the number of reported cases is not comparable and the true number of cases would probably be higher. Food-borne transmission of HEV appears to be a major route in Europe; pigs and wild boars are the main source of HEV. Outbreaks and sporadic cases have been identified in immune-competent persons as well as in recognised risk groups such as those with preexisting liver damage, immunosuppressive illness or receiving immunosuppressive treatments. The opinion reviews current methods for the detection, identification, characterisation and tracing of HEV in food-producing animals and foods, reviews literature on HEV reservoirs and food-borne pathways, examines information on the epidemiology of HEV and its occurrence and persistence in foods, and investigates possible control measures along the food chain. Presently, the only efficient control option for HEV infection from consumption of meat, liver and products derived from animal reservoirs is sufficient heat treatment. The development of validated quantitative and qualitative detection methods, including infectivity assays and consensus molecular typing protocols, is required for the development of quantitative microbial risk assessments and efficient control measures. More research on the epidemiology and control of HEV in pig herds is required in order to minimise the proportion of pigs that remain viraemic or carry high levels of virus in intestinal contents at the time of slaughter. Consumption of raw pig, wild boar and deer meat products should be avoided.

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Section: Hev Occurrence In Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Public health risks associated with hepatitis E virus (HEV) as a food‐borne pathogen

Ricci¹,

Allende²,

Bolton³

et al. 2017

EFS2

111

107

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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Transfusion risk from emerging pathogens in the Asia–Pacific region

Faddy

Viennet

Flower

2016

ISBT Science Series

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Background An emerging infectious disease (EID) refers to a disease that has recently appeared in a population or one that has rapidly increased in incidence or geographic range. Examples of EIDs include Ebola, HIV/AIDS, hepatitis E and the vector‐borne diseases caused by Zika and dengue virus. EIDs pose a risk to transfusion safety, which can be direct, if the agent can be transmitted through blood transfusion, or indirect, where outbreaks reduce the pool of available donors. Although examples of both have been observed, the former will be the focus of this review. Many transfusion risks have become global due to globalization and increased international travel; however, unique region‐specific concerns exist. The Asia–Pacific region varies in size depending on context, but for the purposes of this review will be defined as South‐East Asia, East Asia and Oceania. This region is a hotspot for genetic diversity, as well as the emergence of a number of infectious diseases. The Asia–Pacific region is also geographically, culturally, socio‐economically and climatically diverse. Moreover, the level of sophistication in blood operators within this region varies, from a national supplier based on voluntary blood donors as is seen in Australia to hospital‐based services relying on replacement donors, which is seen in many nations across the Pacific. Aims To review current EID risks to blood transfusion safety in the Asia–Pacific region. Methods Review of available public health reports and literature for the occurrence of EIDs in the Asia–Pacific region that pose a transfusion risk. Results EIDs that pose a transfusion risk occur across the Asia–Pacific region, with differing levels of endemicity between and within countries. Reports of hepatitis E virus (HEV) sero‐positivity vary from 2·2% in Fiji to 15·2% in Papua New Guinea. As a result of high HEV prevalence in the Hokkaido region of Japan, HEV nucleic acid amplification testing (NAT) has been implemented for screening blood donations. Dengue infection is widespread across the Asia–Pacific, with major outbreaks occurring in 2014 in Fiji, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand. In Australia, dengue is episodic in the north‐east, resulting in donation restrictions in affected areas. Zika virus emerged in the Asia–Pacific in early 2007 and outbreaks have spread across the Pacific, with epidemics in French Polynesia, the Cook Islands, Easter Island and New Caledonia. Due to the theoretical transfusion risk, several preventative procedures were implemented in French Polynesia during an outbreak in 2013, including NAT. Summary/conclusions EIDs pose a transfusion risk globally, and in the Asia–Pacific region. A number of EIDs that can be transmitted through blood transfusion are endemic to the Asia–Pacific, with countries managing the transfusion risk depending on the level of endemicity of the agent in question, and the maturity of blood operations in each county. Climate change is predicted to increase the distribution and density of a range of disease vectors, which is li...

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Zoonotic Hepatitis E

Cited by 2 publications

References 121 publications

Public health risks associated with hepatitis E virus (HEV) as a food‐borne pathogen

Public health risks associated with hepatitis E virus (HEV) as a food‐borne pathogen

Transfusion risk from emerging pathogens in the Asia–Pacific region

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