Zoonotic and Reverse Zoonotic Transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2

Goraichuk, Iryna V.; Arefiev, Vasiliy L.; Stegniy, B. T.; Gerilovych, Anton

doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198473

Cited by 49 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 198 publications

(209 reference statements)

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“…Many animal species are known to be susceptible to experimental infection of SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2, including ferrets, Syrian hamsters, deer mice, white-tailed deer, cynomolgus macaques, rhesus macaques, crab-eating macaques, African green monkeys, baboons, raccoon dogs and many others [ 11 , 12 ] (for a complete list, see [ 13 ]). At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, it was thought that household or pet dogs and cats were not susceptible to SARS-CoV-2.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, the first known case of animal-to-human transmissions of SARS-CoV-2 occurred in Denmark, where two workers on a mink farm contracted the virus, and the virus subsequently appeared in the local human population [ 45 ]. When viral evolution can continue in potential reservoir animal hosts, like the mink and perhaps other animal species, spillback events into humans (i.e., zoonotic infections) have the potential to cause significant risk to public health [ 13 , 46–49 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Understanding the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) exposure in companion, captive, wild, and farmed animals

Murphy

2021

Virulence

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Several animal species, including ferrets, hamsters, monkeys, and raccoon dogs, have been shown to be susceptible to experimental infection by the human severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses, such as SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, which were responsible for the 2003 SARS outbreak and the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, respectively. Emerging studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2 natural infection of pet dogs and cats is also possible, but its prevalence is not fully understood. Experimentally, it has been demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 replicates more efficiently in cats than in dogs and that cats can transmit the virus through aerosols. With approximately 470 million pet dogs and 370 million pet cats cohabitating with their human owners worldwide, the finding of natural SARS-CoV-2 infection in these household pets has important implications for potential zoonotic transmission events during the COVID-19 pandemic as well as future SARS-related outbreaks. Here, we describe some of the ongoing worldwide surveillance efforts to assess the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 exposure in companion, captive, wild, and farmed animals, as well as provide some perspectives on these efforts including the intra- and inter-species coronavirus transmissions, evolution, and their implications on the human-animal interface along with public health. Some ongoing efforts to develop and implement a new COVID-19 vaccine for animals are also discussed. Surveillance initiatives to track SARS-CoV-2 exposures in animals are necessary to accurately determine their impact on veterinary and human health, as well as define potential reservoir sources of the virus and its evolutionary and transmission dynamics.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) exposure in companion, captive, wild, and farmed animals

Murphy

2021

Virulence

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“…Several variants of concern (VOCs) have been shown to be more infectious/transmissible in humans and at the same time reduce the efficacy of currently available vaccines (1)(2)(3). Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 is a zoonotic virus with a wide-range of susceptible animal species which could serve as secondary reservoirs to perpetuate viral evolution and produce novel variants (4)(5)(6). As of 31 October 2021, the OIE reports that more than 598 natural infections have been identified in 14 different animal species including companion animals such as: cats and dogs; zoo animals including large cats, otter and gorillas; and farmed or wild animals, including mink and white-tailed deer (www.oie.int); (7).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Susceptibility of sheep to experimental co-infection with the ancestral lineage of SARS-CoV-2 and its alpha variant

Gaudreault¹,

Cool²,

Trujillo³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for a global pandemic that has had significant impacts on human health and economies worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 is highly transmissible and the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in humans. A wide range of animal species have also been shown to be susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection by experimental and/or natural infections. Domestic and large cats, mink, ferrets, hamsters, deer mice, white-tailed deer, and non-human primates have been shown to be highly susceptible, whereas other species such as mice, dogs, pigs, and cattle appear to be refractory to infection or have very limited susceptibility. Sheep (Ovis aries) are a commonly farmed domestic ruminant that have not previously been thoroughly investigated for their susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, we performed in vitro and in vivo studies which consisted of infection of ruminant-derived cell cultures and experimental challenge of sheep to investigate their susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2. Our results showed that sheep-derived cell cultures support SARS-CoV-2 replication. Furthermore, experimental challenge of sheep demonstrated limited infection with viral RNA shed in nasal and oral swabs primarily at 1-day post challenge (DPC), and also detected in the respiratory tract and lymphoid tissues at 4 and 8 DPC. Sero-reactivity was also observed in some of the principal infected sheep but not the contact sentinels, indicating that transmission to co-mingled naïve sheep was not highly efficient; however, viral RNA was detected in some of the respiratory tract tissues of sentinel animals at 21 DPC. Furthermore, we used challenge inoculum consisting of a mixture of two SARS-CoV-2 isolates, representatives of the ancestral lineage A and the B.1.1.7-like alpha variant of concern (VOC), to study competition of the two virus strains. Our results indicate that sheep show low susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and that the alpha VOC outcompeted the ancestral lineage A strain.

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“…During replication, Avian-CoVs have high genetically recombination potential ( 30 ). Genetic techniques have played an important role in understanding the genetic relatedness of different microorganisms, pathogens, and the diseases caused by the pathogens as well as their evolutionary mechanism ( 31 , 32 ). Recent pandemic of COVID-19 has drawn attention to the potential zoonotic threats of the CoVs ( 33 , 34 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Characterization of Infectious Bronchitis Virus Strain HH06 Isolated in a Poultry Farm in Northeastern China

et al. 2021

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Spike (S) glycoprotein is an important virulent factor for coronaviruses (CoVs), and variants of CoVs have been characterized based on S gene analysis. We present phylogenetic relationship of an isolated infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strain with reference to the available genome and protein sequences based on network, multiple sequence, selection pressure, and evolutionary fingerprinting analysis in People's Republic of China. One hundred and elven strains of CoVs i.e., Alphacoronaviruses (Alpha-CoVs; n = 12), Betacoronaviruses (Beta-CoVs; n = 37), Gammacoronaviruses (Gamma-CoVs; n = 46), and Deltacoronaviruses (Delta-CoVs; n = 16) were selected for this purpose. Phylogenetically, SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoVs clustered together with Bat-CoVs and MERS-CoV of Beta-CoVs (C). The IBV HH06 of Avian-CoVs was closely related to Duck-CoV and partridge S14, LDT3 (teal and chicken host). Beluga whale-CoV (SW1) and Bottlenose dolphin-CoVs of mammalian origin branched distantly from other animal origin viruses, however, making group with Avian-CoVs altogether into Gamma-CoVs. The motif analysis indicated well-conserved domains on S protein, which were similar within the same phylogenetic class and but variable at different domains of different origins. Recombination network tree indicated SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and Bat-CoVs, although branched differently, shared common clades. The MERS-CoVs of camel and human origin spread branched into a different clade, however, was closely associated closely with SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and Bat-CoVs. Whereas, HCoV-OC43 has human origin and branched together with bovine CoVs with but significant distant from other CoVs like SARS CoV-2 and SARS-CoV of human origin. These findings explain that CoVs' constant genetic recombination and evolutionary process that might maintain them as a potential veterinary and human epidemic threat.

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Zoonotic and Reverse Zoonotic Transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2

Cited by 49 publications

References 198 publications

Understanding the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) exposure in companion, captive, wild, and farmed animals

Understanding the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) exposure in companion, captive, wild, and farmed animals

Susceptibility of sheep to experimental co-infection with the ancestral lineage of SARS-CoV-2 and its alpha variant

Molecular Characterization of Infectious Bronchitis Virus Strain HH06 Isolated in a Poultry Farm in Northeastern China

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