Zoonosis emergence linked to agricultural intensification and environmental change

Jones, B.; Grace, Delia; Kock, Richard; Alonso, Silvia; Rushton, Jonathan; Said, Mohammed Yahya; McKeever, Declan J.; Mutua, Florence; Young, Jarrah; McDermott, John J.; Pfeiffer, Dirk U.

doi:10.1073/pnas.1208059110

Cited by 779 publications

(662 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…The majority originated from animal hosts (Jones et al 2008) and emerged in 55 tropical Africa (Chan et al 2010). A major driver for disease emergence was likely the modification 56 and intensification of agriculture, since it resulted in novel wildlife-livestock-human interactions 57 (Pearce-Duvet 2006;Jones et al 2013). It has been shown that livestock can play key roles as 58 intermediate host for the transmission of wildlife pathogens to humans (Daszak et al 2000;Wood et 59 al.…”

Section: Introduction 52 53mentioning

confidence: 99%

Adenovirus in Rural Côte D`Ivoire: High Diversity and Cross-Species Detection

et al. 2015

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Section: Introduction 52 53mentioning

confidence: 99%

Adenovirus in Rural Côte D`Ivoire: High Diversity and Cross-Species Detection

et al. 2015

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“…There is much to learn about how different animal husbandry practices, land uses, and incursions into wildlife habitat affect the development and transmission of new zoonotic infections (105). This understanding will be important to the development of more effective surveillance approaches.…”

Section: Moving Forwardmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human health impacts of ecosystem alteration

Myers

Gaffikin²,

Golden

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

357

250

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Human activity is rapidly transforming most of Earth's natural systems. How this transformation is impacting human health, whose health is at greatest risk, and the magnitude of the associated disease burden are relatively new subjects within the field of environmental health. We discuss what is known about the human health implications of changes in the structure and function of natural systems and propose that these changes are affecting human health in a variety of important ways. We identify several gaps and limitations in the research that has been done to date and propose a more systematic and comprehensive approach to applied research in this field. Such efforts could lead to a more robust understanding of the human health impacts of accelerating environmental change and inform decision making in the land-use planning, environmental conservation, and public health policy realms.At least since Hippocrates wrote On Airs, Waters, and Places, the natural environment has been viewed as an important determinant of human health. However, over the last century, the field of environmental health has focused increasingly on quantifying exposure-response relationships for toxins encountered in the human-dominated environment: from an initial focus on workplace exposures, to a population-level focus on radiation, heavy metals, air and water pollution, and more recently, to exposure to endocrinedisrupting chemicals. Over this period, relatively little attention has been paid to how changes in the structure and function of Earth's natural systems might affect human health. Growing evidence that changes in these natural systems can affect human health in a variety of important ways and the increasing pace and extent of these changes has prompted this Perspective. In it, we review current understanding of this field, identify some of its gaps and limitations, and suggest an approach to expanding our understanding.Human activity is transforming nearly all of Earth's natural systems. With the human population now exceeding 7 billion people and rapid growth in per capita consumption of goods and services, humanity's growing ecological footprint is altering the planet's land cover, rivers and oceans, climate system, biogeochemical cycles, and the

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“…The current focus on wildlife health surveillance is primarily on human and livestock diseases that are outside the domestic and domiciled environments[65]. This emphasizes a lack of appreciation for the role that sylvatic ecosystems have in the development of zoonotic diseases[28, 66]. To carry out effective wildlife surveillance of emerging infectious diseases that are zoonotic or otherwise, there is a requirement to apply a systematic collaborative approach with veterinarians, ecologists, medical doctors, wildlife biologists, microbiologists and molecular biologists[67].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Infectious Disease Implications of Invasive Mammalian Species: The Greater White-Toothed Shrew (Crocidura russula) Is Associated With a Novel Serovar of Pathogenic Leptospira in Ireland

et al. 2016

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The greater white-toothed shrew (Crocidura russula) is an invasive mammalian species that was first recorded in Ireland in 2007. It currently occupies an area of approximately 7,600 km2 on the island. C. russula is normally distributed in Northern Africa and Western Europe, and was previously absent from the British Isles. Whilst invasive species can have dramatic and rapid impacts on faunal and floral communities, they may also be carriers of pathogens facilitating disease transmission in potentially naive populations. Pathogenic leptospires are endemic in Ireland and a significant cause of human and animal disease. From 18 trapped C. russula, 3 isolates of Leptospira were cultured. However, typing of these isolates by standard serological reference methods was negative, and suggested an, as yet, unidentified serovar. Sequence analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA and secY indicated that these novel isolates belong to Leptospira alstonii, a unique pathogenic species of which only 7 isolates have been described to date. Earlier isolations were limited geographically to China, Japan and Malaysia, and this leptospiral species had not previously been cultured from mammals. Restriction enzyme analysis (REA) further confirms the novelty of these strains since no similar patterns were observed with a reference database of leptospires. As with other pathogenic Leptospira species, these isolates contain lipL32 and do not grow in the presence of 8-azagunaine; however no evidence of disease was apparent after experimental infection of hamsters. These isolates are genetically related to L. alstonii but have a novel REA pattern; they represent a new serovar which we designate as serovar Room22. This study demonstrates that invasive mammalian species act as bridge vectors of novel zoonotic pathogens such as Leptospira.

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Zoonosis emergence linked to agricultural intensification and environmental change

Cited by 779 publications

References 68 publications

Adenovirus in Rural Côte D`Ivoire: High Diversity and Cross-Species Detection

Adenovirus in Rural Côte D`Ivoire: High Diversity and Cross-Species Detection

Human health impacts of ecosystem alteration

Emerging Infectious Disease Implications of Invasive Mammalian Species: The Greater White-Toothed Shrew (Crocidura russula) Is Associated With a Novel Serovar of Pathogenic Leptospira in Ireland

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