Zoning of the Territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan by the Degree of Intensity of the Epizootic Situation on Plague in Camels

Abstract

The aim of the study was to improve epizootiological monitoring and increase the effectiveness of preventive (anti-epidemic) measures for camel plague control in Kazakhstan.Materials and methods. We used the data on epizootiological and epidemiological monitoring in natural plague foci of Kazakhstan, long-term measurements and indicators for the period of 2000–2020 of the anti-plague and veterinary services of the Republic for the analysis. To process the evidence, epidemiological, epizootiological, microbiological, and statistical research methods, as well as GIS technology were applied.Results and discussion. The number of camels has increased by 2.2 times in Kazakhstan over the past 20 years. Where there were 98.2 thousand heads in 2000, it amounted to 216.4 thousand heads in 2020. Over the past 10 years, 152 camels died of unknown causes in the focal area of the country, but laboratory tests for plague turned out negative. According to the hazard criteria, the territory of the country has been conditionally divided into three zones: five regions with a high degree of hazard with a total area of 953.15 sq. km, five regions with medium degree of hazard with a total area of 1230.72 sq. km, and with a low degree of hazard – four regions and three cities of republican significance with a total area of 541.1 sq. km. Constant epizootiological monitoring over plague in camels is a necessity for the system of preventive measures.

Mapping Plague Risk Using Super Species Distribution Models and Forecasts for Rodents in the Zhambyl Region, Kazakhstan

“…The spread of the plague commonly begins with the contact of local residents with the carriers of the plague—the infected flea vector. It is also common where domestic animals (Oyston & Williamson, 2011 ) and livestock, in particular camels (Abdeliyev et al., 2022 ) were first infected and then transmitted the plague to humans. Plague can also be transmitted from the human and animal corpses and carcasses, in particular, by direct (by skin) and indirect (by inhalation) contact with their blood and sputum (Jullien et al., 2021 ).…”

Distribution structure of the great gerbil (Rhombomys opimus Licht, 1823) in the western part of the Betpakdala desert of Kazakhstan: biotransformation of arid lands

“…Various types of natural plague foci (desert, steppe, high-altitude and mixed) on the territory of Kazakhstan occupy 1083.9 thousand square kilometers, which is about 40% of the territory, including cross-border high-altitude plague foci (Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, China, Russia), where outbreaks of plague among the population have repeatedly occurred in the past (Abdeliyev et. al., 2022, Atshabar et.…”

Distribution structure of the great gerbil (Rhombomys opimus Licht, 1823) in the western part of the Betpakdala desert of Kazakhstan: biotransformation of arid lands

“…Various types of natural plague foci (desert, steppe, high-altitude and mixed) in the territory of Kazakhstan occupy 1083.9 thousand square kilometers, which is approximately 40% of the territory, including cross-border high-altitude plague foci (Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, China, Russia), where outbreaks of plague among the population have repeatedly occurred in the past (Abdeliyev et al, 2022, Atshabar et al, 2015. The studied desert plague center of Betpakdal (Betpakdal autonomous plague center) is part of the Central Asian desert natural plague center of Kazakhstan, where the main carrier is a great gerbil (Rhombomys opimus).…”