Zoning has little impact on the seasonal diel activity and distribution patterns of wild boar (<i>Sus scrofa</i>) in an UNESCO Biosphere Reserve

Reinke, Henrik; König, Hannes; Keuling, Oliver; Kuemmerle, Tobias; Kiffner, Christian

doi:10.1002/ece3.8347

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 114 publications

(138 reference statements)

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“…In our study, wild boar exhibited a concentration of diurnal activity, which is in accordance with observations in Northeastern China [73] and Southwestern China [74]. However, wild boar exhibit nocturnal activity patterns in Central Argentina [17], Central Italy [69] and Northern Germany [75].…”

Section: Management Implicationssupporting

confidence: 91%

“…In our study, wild boar exhibited a concentration of diurnal activity, which is in accordance with observations in Northeastern China [ 72 ] and Southwestern China [ 73 ]. However, wild boar exhibit nocturnal activity patterns in Central Argentina [ 17 ], Central Italy [ 68 ] and Northern Germany [ 74 ]. This discrepancy may be attributed to the reduced presence of large carnivores in the study area and the implementation of laws that prohibit the use of firearms by residents in China since 1996 [ 61 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Human–Wildlife Conflict Mitigation Based on Damage, Distribution, and Activity: A Case Study of Wild Boar in Zhejiang, Eastern China

Liu,

Zhao,

Tan

et al. 2024

Animals

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Human–wildlife conflicts are becoming increasingly common worldwide and are a challenge to biodiversity management. Compared with compensatory management, which often focuses on solving emergency conflicts, mitigation management allows decision-makers to better understand where the damage is distributed, how the species are distributed and when the species conduct their activity. Here, we integrated data collected from 90 districts/counties’ damage surveys and 1271 camera traps to understand the damage status, abundance, density and activity rhythms of wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Zhejiang, Eastern China, from January 2019 to August 2023. We found that (1) wild boar–human conflicts were mainly distributed in the northwest and southwest mountainous regions of Zhejiang Province (2) the total abundance of wild boar was 115,156 ± 24,072 individuals, indicating a growing trend over the past decade and a higher density in the western and southern regions; (3) wild boar exhibited different activity patterns across different damage regions, and the periods around 7:00, 11:00 and 16:00 represented activity peaks for wild boar in seriously damaged regions. The damage distribution, density, distribution and activity rhythms provide specific priority regions and activity intensity peaks for conflict mitigation. We believe that these findings based on the damage, distribution and activity could provide a scientific basis for mitigation management at the county level and enrich the framework of human–wildlife conflict mitigation.

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Section: Management Implicationssupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human–Wildlife Conflict Mitigation Based on Damage, Distribution, and Activity: A Case Study of Wild Boar in Zhejiang, Eastern China

Liu,

Zhao,

Tan

et al. 2024

Animals

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“…In the Apennines of central Italy, European roe deer ( Capreolus capreolus ) increase nocturnal activity in summer to regulate body temperature and synchronize reproduction 17 . Wild boar increase their daytime activity in summer to access abundant food in the Schaalsee UNESCO Biosphere Reserve of northern Germany 26 . Seasonal variation in daily activity patterns may result in changes in temporal ecological niche allocation patterns for sympatric species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal niche partitioning among sympatric wild and domestic ungulates between warm and cold seasons

Wang,

Xu,

Yao

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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The coexistence of sympatric species with similar ecological niches has been a central issue in ecology. Clarifying the daily activity patterns of sympatric wild ungulates can help understand their temporal niche differentiation and the mechanisms of coexistence, providing information for their conservation. The Baotianman National Nature Reserve in northern China is rich in wild ungulates, but little is known about the daily activity patterns of wild ungulates in the area, making it difficult to develop effective conservation strategies. We studied five representative wild ungulates (i.e. forest musk deer, Chinese goral, Reeve’s muntjac, Siberian roe deer, and wild boar) of the region using camera-trapping data, focusing on the seasonal daily activity patterns and effects of seasonal grazing of domestic sheep, to reveal their coexistence based on temporal ecological niche differentiation. Comparative analyses of the seasonal daily activity showed that forest musk deer exhibited a single-peak activity in the warm season. Other ungulates exhibited multipeak activity. All five ungulates differed significantly in daily activity patterns. Notably, wild boar and Reeve’s muntjac showed high overlap coefficients between the cold and warm seasons. In both cold and warm seasons, the five wild ungulates and domestic sheep displayed low overlap in their daily activity rhythms potentially indicating temporal ecological niche differentiation. The results suggest that temporal isolation might be a strategy for wild ungulates to avoid domestic sheep and reduce interspecific competition, and that temporal ecological niche differentiation potentially promoted the coexistence among the studied sympatric ungulates. This understanding may provide new insights for the development of targeted conservation strategies.

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“…An appealing strategy is to create zones of differential hunting pressure ( i.e., creating a “landscape of fear”), with the highest hunting pressure near agricultural fields in order to prevent wild boar from using them as a foraging ground ( Tolon et al, 2009 ). Indeed, it appears that wild boar shift their space use in response to hunting in some cases ( Colomer et al, 2021 ; Tolon et al, 2009 ), but not in others ( Brogi et al, 2020 ; Reinke et al, 2021 ; Wevers et al, 2020 ). These conflicting results may be partly explained by differences in the number of hunting posts occupied at the same time, which is a key determinant of hunting success and possibly also in the successful modulation of wild boar space use ( Quirós-Fernández et al., 2017 ; Vajas et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

When and where? Day-night alterations in wild boar space use captured by a generalized additive mixed model

Bollen,

Casaer,

Neyens

et al. 2024

PeerJ

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Wild boar (Sus scrofa), an abundant species across Europe, is often subjected to management in agro-ecosystems in order to control population size, or to scare them away from agricultural fields to safeguard crop yields. Wild boar management can benefit from a better understanding on changes in its space use across the diel cycle (i.e., diel space use) in relation to variable hunting pressures or other factors. Here, we estimate wild boar diel space use in an agro-ecosystem in central Belgium during four consecutive “growing seasons” (i.e., April–September). To achieve this, we fit generalized additive mixed models (GAMMs) to camera trap data of wild boar aggregated over 1-h periods. Our results reveal that wild boar are predominantly nocturnal in all of the hunting management zones in Meerdaal, with activity peaks around sunrise and sunset. Hunting events in our study area tend to take place around sunrise and sunset, while non-lethal human activities occur during sunlight hours. Our GAMM reveals that wild boar use different areas throughout the diel cycle. During the day, wild boar utilized areas in the centre of the forest, possibly to avoid human activities during daytime. During the night, they foraged near (or in) agricultural fields. A post hoc comparison of space use maps of wild boar in Meerdaal revealed that their diurnal and nocturnal space use were uncorrelated. We did not find sufficient evidence to prove that wild boar spatiotemporally avoid hunters. Finally, our work reveals the potential of GAMMs to model variation in space across 24-h periods from camera trap data, an application that will be useful to address a range of ecological questions. However, to test the robustness of this approach we advise that it should be compared against telemetry-based methods to derive diel space use.

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Zoning has little impact on the seasonal diel activity and distribution patterns of wild boar (Sus scrofa) in an UNESCO Biosphere Reserve

Abstract: This is an open access article under the terms of the Creat ive Commo ns Attri bution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Cited by 6 publications

References 114 publications

Human–Wildlife Conflict Mitigation Based on Damage, Distribution, and Activity: A Case Study of Wild Boar in Zhejiang, Eastern China

Human–Wildlife Conflict Mitigation Based on Damage, Distribution, and Activity: A Case Study of Wild Boar in Zhejiang, Eastern China

Temporal niche partitioning among sympatric wild and domestic ungulates between warm and cold seasons

When and where? Day-night alterations in wild boar space use captured by a generalized additive mixed model

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