Zirconium‐2‐Imidazolidinethione Functionalized Reduced Graphene Oxide Aerogel for Efficient Removal of Fluoride Ions and Anionic Dyes from Aqueous Solutions: Multivariate Process Optimization

Abstract

A multifunctional aerogel (zirconium‐2‐imidizalodinethione‐reduced graphene oxide aerogel, Zr‐IMDT/rGOA) is synthesized by functionalizing graphene oxide with ZrCl4 and 2‐imidazolidinethione through one‐pot hydrothermal reduction and subsequent freeze drying. The aerogel is employed for the removal of anionic pollutants. Zr‐IMDT/rGOA shows good removal performance for both fluoride ions (F−) and anionic dyes (Alizarin Red S (ARS) and Eosin Y (EY)). The removal efficiency of F− is 97.96% at pH 4.6, time 30 min, an initial concentration of 10 mg L−1, and an adsorbent dosage of 0.01 g as optimized by the Box Behnken Design in response surface methodology. . Brouers‐Sotolongo isotherm model fits well with the equilibrium sorption data and maximum sorption capacity (Qmax) of 328.28, 694.00, and 1449.28 mg g−1 is obtained for F−, ARS, and EY, respectively. Fractal‐like pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model is best suited to the kinetic data and >50% removal is attained for all analytes within 5 min indicating fairly fast kinetics. Zr‐IMDT/rGOA shows good selectivity for F− in the presence of counter ions (Cl−, NO3−, SO42−, HCO3−, and H2PO4−) and could be regenerated up to five cycles with >90% removal. The synthesized aerogel is successfully applied to remove F− from groundwater, river water, and tea infusion.

Rapid adsorptive removal of eosin yellow and methyl orange using zeolite Y

“…However, 20% and 60% of reactive dyes are lost throughout the dyeing process 21 , 22 . Anionic dyes such as methyl orange (MO) 23 – 28 and eosin yellow (EY) 29 – 33 are one of them. Dyes are divided into three types—anionic, cationic, and non-ionic (dispersed dyes).…”