Zinc-salt assisted synthesis of three-dimensional oxygen and nitrogen co-doped hierarchical micro-meso porous carbon foam for supercapacitors

Abstract

Nitrogen and oxygen co-doped hierarchical micro-mesoporous carbon foams has been synthesized by pyrolyzation treatment of a preliminary foam containing melamine and formaldehyde as nitrogen, carbon and oxygen precursors and Zn(NO3)2. 6H2O and pluronic F127 as micro-meso pores generators. Several characterizations including thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy, FTIR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, N2 adsorption–desorption, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were performed on the prepared foams. X-ray diffraction patterns, Raman spectra and N2 adsorption–desorption results confirmed that ZnO has pronounced effect on the graphitization of the prepared carbon foam. From X-ray diffraction, thermal gravimetric and N2 adsorption–desorption analysis results it was confirmed that the carbothermal reaction and the elimination of ZnO and also the elimination of pluronic F127 are the main factors for the induction of porosities in the foam structure. The presence of Zn(NO3)2. 6H2O and pluronic F127 in the initial composition of the preliminary foam results in the specific surface area as high as 1176 m2.g−1 and pore volume of 0.68 cm3.g−1. X-ray photoelectron and FTIR spectroscopy analyses results approved the presence of nitrogen (about 1.9 at %) in the form of pyridinic, graphitic and nitrogen oxide and oxygen (about 7.5 at. %) functional groups on the surface of the synthesized carbon foam. Electrochemistry analysis results including cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) and also electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis illustrated the formation of an electric double layer supercapacitor with the capacitance as high as 137 Fg−1.

Natural Products Derived Porous Carbons for CO2 Capture

“…With correct salt choice and process parameters such as pyrolysis duration and temperature, as well as the type and ratio of the salt and the carbon precursor, it is easy to adjust the pore size distribution. [ 108 ]…”

Governing the Porosity and Morphology of Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-Derived Functional Carbons toward Improved Adsorption of Cationic Dyes

“…Upon carbonization, oxygen bridges (Zn–O–C) between ZnO and carbon derived from the precursor enhance the templating effect . Moreover, the decomposition of ZnO prompts the development of micro- and mesoporosity, and it can also generate oxygen functional groups on the carbon surface . ZIF-8 can also be altered to various polymorphic and pseudopolymorphic forms such as Zn-ZIF-L, ZIF-8 dia , ZIF-8 kat , ZIF- yqt , and ZIF-CO 3 -1. − However, from this family, only Zn-ZIF-L has been studied to date as a carbon precursor, which creates an additional window of opportunity for fabricating novel ZIF-derived carbon materials.…”

N, S, P-Tridoped Coal-Derived Hierarchically Porous Carbon Aerogel for High-Performance Supercapacitors

“…Heteroatom doping can create more defects and active sites on the surface of carbon materials, which significantly improve the energy storage performance. − The heteroatoms in carbon greatly optimize the capacitance performance. For instance, the introduction of N increases the electrical conductivity and surface wettability of carbon materials and leads to the extra pseudocapacitance, , while the introduction of S increases the pseudocapacitance by changing the electron structure and the hydrophilicity of the carbon material .…”