Zinc-related actions of sublethal levels of benzalkonium chloride: Potentiation of benzalkonium cytotoxicity by zinc

Mitani, Tetsuo; Elmarhomy, Ahmed; Dulamjav, Luvsandorj; Anu, Enkhtumur; Saitoh, Shohei; Ishida, Shiro; Oyama, Yasuo

doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2017.02.017

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The MDI-induced change in cell granularity was not associated with any changes in cell volume, as determined by forward scatter signal intensities, a parameter for cell size. The correlation between side scatter signal intensity and cytotoxic action has not been elucidated, although some cytotoxic substances have been reported to significantly augment side scatter (Kamae et al, 2017;Imai et al, 2017;Mitani et al, 2017).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytometric analysis on cytotoxicity of 4,4′-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate, a chemical allergen, in rat thymocytes

Oyama

Miyoshi

Oyama

2017

Fundam. Toxicol. Sci.

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-4,4'-Methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) is a cross-linking agent. Chemical reactivity of MDI with endogenous substances such as albumin and glutathione (GSH) is assumed to be responsible for MDI toxicity. We examined the cytotoxic effect of MDI on rat thymocytes, under the condition that endogenous biological substances except for cells were nominally absent, in order to study chemico-biological interactions between MDI and cells. The treatment of 10-50 μM MDI for 3 hr significantly increased the side scatter signal intensity of cytograms, without affecting forward scatter intensity. The increase in side scatter signal intensity by MDI was associated with an increase in cell lethality. The treatment of cells with 50 μM MDI for 3 hr increased cell lethality without increasing the population of preapoptotic annexin V-positive living cells. In contrast, H 2 O 2 at 100 μM significantly increased the population of annexin V positive living cells prior to cell death. MDI at 30-50 μM did not affect the increase in cell lethality induced by H 2 O 2 or A23187. Simultaneous application of 50 μM GSH did not affect the cytotoxicity of 50 μM MDI. It was therefore concluded that the process of cell death induced by MDI could not be attributed to oxidative stress and intracellular Ca 2+ overload, and that MDI possesses cytotoxic actions that are not significantly related to its chemical reactivity with GSH.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytometric analysis on cytotoxicity of 4,4′-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate, a chemical allergen, in rat thymocytes

Oyama

Miyoshi

Oyama

2017

Fundam. Toxicol. Sci.

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“…The four most important homologs are C 12 , C 14 , C 16 , and C 18 , cationic surfactants which serve as biocides, and phase transfer agents [1]. BAK is often used as a disinfectant, preservative, and antibacterial agent in the pharmaceutical industry [2]. It also serves as fungicides, spermicides, and virucides [3] with antiviral activities against some enveloped and non-enveloped viruses [3b, 4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electroanalysis of Benzalkonium Chloride in Ophthalmic Formulation by Boron‐doped Diamond Electrode

et al. 2021

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Benzalkonium chloride (BAK) is a mixture of alkyl benzyl dimethyl ammonium chlorides, which is used primarily as a biocide, surfactant, preservative, and antimicrobial agent in the pharmaceutical industry, in particular in ophthalmologic and nasal solutions. However, BAK may cause harmful consequences on the eye structures of the anterior segment. Control of BAK identity and content is necessary by applying a sensitive detection method. This study unravels the use of a glassy carbon (GC) electrode and a pristine boron‐doped diamond electrode (BDD) for the detection of four BAK homologs in a non‐aqueous medium using square wave voltammetry (SWV). The BDD provided more reproducibility of the oxidation potential than GC with a correlation coefficient of 0.999. The irreversible oxidation peak was very broad and deconvoluted into 3 peaks corresponding to C12, C14, and combined C16–C18 to reflect their concentration ratio in the mixture. The method was then extended to the detection of the C12 homolog in the ophthalmic formulations with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.4 μg/mL. The estimated BAK levels in three ophthalmic formulations were in agreement with the specified values by the manufacturers. The results were validated by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet (UV) detection, confirming the presence of a single homolog (C12) in the eye drops.

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Zinc-related actions of sublethal levels of benzalkonium chloride: Potentiation of benzalkonium cytotoxicity by zinc

Cited by 2 publications

References 32 publications

Cytometric analysis on cytotoxicity of 4,4′-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate, a chemical allergen, in rat thymocytes

Cytometric analysis on cytotoxicity of 4,4′-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate, a chemical allergen, in rat thymocytes

Electroanalysis of Benzalkonium Chloride in Ophthalmic Formulation by Boron‐doped Diamond Electrode

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