Zinc Micronutrient Deficiency and Its Prevalence in Malnourished Pediatric Children as Compared to Well-Nourished Children: A Nutritional Emergency

Ahsan, Aliya Kemal; Tebha, Sameer Saleem; Sangi, Rumana; Kamran, Amber; Zaidi, Zain Ali; Haque, Tayyaba; Hamza, Muhammad Syed Ali

doi:10.1177/2333794x211050316

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 28 publications

(41 reference statements)

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“…These results are comparable to several other studies [ 21 , 23 , 24 ]. However, few studies found no gender-wise difference among children and adolescents in the case of Fe, Zn [ 25 , 26 ]. According to one report, countries with more than 25% of their population eating a zinc-deficient diet (plant-based diets) are in danger of acquiring zinc deficiency [ 27 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The findings contradict Saudi studies that found no significant Se deficiency among normal growing children and adolescents [ 25 , 28 ]. A New Zealand study found that 22.9 percent of children had low serum Se values [ 26 ]. Interestingly, Al-Hussaini [2022] reported that among the low BMI category, 22% of children had Se deficiency [ 25 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Estimation of calories intake, iron, zinc, and selenium among children of the underprivileged area in Sindh, Pakistan

Kapoor,

Baig,

Channa

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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Introduction Malnutrition is one of the most serious community health issues in developing countries. This study estimated total energy intake, Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), Selenium (Se), Calcium (Ca), and Phosphate (PO4) levels among school-going children (aged 13–17 years) of the underprivileged area in Sindh, Pakistan. Methods Children from Mithi City, District Tharparkar, were selected for this cross-sectional investigation. Students from various schools from both genders who fulfilled the selection criteria were selected. A questionnaire was filled, and five ml blood samples were taken to analyze blood parameters. Each participant’s estimated nutrient intake (ENI) per day was assessed and matched to the recommended daily allowance (RDA) to determine their micro and macronutrient intake. Results A total of 300 school-going children [150(50%) boys (mean age 15± 0.8 years) and 150(50%) girls (mean age 14±1.3years)] were included in this study. Total calories (1449±949 Kcal vs. 1245±215 Kcal; p < .001), carbohydrates (138±27 gm vs. 126 ±25 gm; p < .001) protein (47±9.1 gm vs. 44±6 gm; p < .001) was significantly higher among boys compared to girls. In contrast, calcium (1094±105 mg vs. 1144±100; 0.004), phosphate 1050±125 vs. 1148±147; p<0.001), iron (9.2±1.7 mg vs. 10±1.3 mg; p<0.001), and Zinc (7.4±1.8 mg vs. 9.9±1.7 mg; p<0.001) intake was significantly higher among girls than boys. Gender-wise comparison of serum metals in school-going children showed that serum iron was significantly lower among girls than boys (100.86±25.65 μg/dl vs. 78.48±28.66 μg/dl; p<0.001), and no difference was found in serum Zn, Se, and Ca levels. Total proteins were also significantly lower among girls than boys (6.48±1.01g/dl vs. 4.87±1.4301g/dl; p<0.001). Serum iron, Ca, and total proteins were significantly lower among girls with normal ranges compared to boys with normal ranges. Total protein was significantly lower among girls below normal ranges than boys with normal ranges (p < .001). The correlation of carbohydrates, protein, and fat with some serum biochemical parameters in school-going children showed that serum Fe was significantly linked with proteins (r = 0.255; p < .0.05). Conclusion Our findings showed a concurrent shortage of macro and micronutrients. The current study also revealed that total energy intake was lower than the RDA and significant Fe, Zn, and Se deficiencies. The findings highlight the importance of measures aimed at improving children’s nutritional status.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of calories intake, iron, zinc, and selenium among children of the underprivileged area in Sindh, Pakistan

Kapoor,

Baig,

Channa

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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“…In children who were recovering from malnutrition, there was a deficiency of copper, which is a vital metal required for various enzymes necessary for life [26]. Ahsan AK (2021) and their co-workers conducted a study that suggested a four-fold higher prevalence of zinc deficiency in cases of malnutrition compared to the control group [27]. Mayo-Wilson et al demonstrated a notable positive impact of zinc supplementation on both height and weight in children ranging from 6 months to 12 years of age.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Micronutrients and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Levels in Nutritionally Deprived Children—A Tertiary Care Hospital-Based Study

Mishra,

Raghav,

Tripathi

et al. 2023

Nutrients

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Background: Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is a significant public health problem in developing countries, including India, where a significant proportion of children suffer from malnutrition. Objective: This research aims to investigate the factors contributing to severe acute malnutrition (SAM). Additionally, the study seeks to explore the relationship between micronutrient levels and pro-inflammatory cytokines in SAM children with and without clinical complications. Furthermore, the effectiveness of antibiotic treatment in SAM children without complications is evaluated. Methods: The study involved three groups comprising 66 subjects each: a healthy control group, SAM children with complications, and SAM children without complications. Blood samples were collected, and various analyses were conducted, including biochemical, hematological, micronutrient, and pro-inflammatory marker quantification. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. Results: The results indicate that the levels of IL-6, CRP, and TNF-α were significantly higher in the SAM group with complications compared to both the control group and the SAM group without complications. Zinc and copper levels were significantly lower in both SAM groups compared to the control group, and a negative correlation was observed between zinc levels and inflammatory markers. The study also assessed the efficacy of antibiotic treatment in SAM children without complications by comparing their weight, height, weight-for-height, and weight-for-age at baseline and after a 15-day follow-up period. Significant improvements in these parameters were observed in both the group receiving antibiotic treatment and the group not receiving antibiotic treatment. Conclusion: The findings suggest that a combination of antibiotic treatment and nutritional support can lead to significant clinical improvements in SAM children without complications. This study has important implications for the management and treatment of SAM in India and other developing countries.

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“…The studies reported 54.2% of children and 37.1% preschool children to be zinc deficient. Several studies indicate that zinc deficiency results in poor growth in infants and children and depressed appetite (7,8). Zinc deficiency may also lead to impaired motor development in infants and thus can interfere with cognitive performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron and Zinc Status in Preschool Children from Rural Areas in Qalyubiya Governorate

Sobeih,

Elsayed,

Lotfy

et al. 2023

Benha Medical Journal

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Background: Zinc deficiency is an important cause of morbidity due to infectious diseases and growth faltering among young children. Prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia among children is much higher than among adult women and may be partly attributable to the high prevalence of hookworm infestation among children. That study purposed to determine Iron and zinc status in pre schooled children from rural areas of Qalyubia governorate. Methods: That cross-sectional study was carried out on 2000 children in Qalyubia private nurseries. Participants were exposed to survey assessments for the children (demographic information, medical history, and nutrition and health history) and blood collection and analysis (Biochemical assessment, serum iron and Zinc estimation). Results: Zinc level correlated positively with BMI, height, times of eating meat per week, diversity of food and iron level. Iron level correlated positively with age, height, times of eating meat per week, diversity of food, and correlated negatively with age of introduction to complementary foods. Conclusion: In our community, 27.9% of children had zinc deficiency and 37% of children had iron deficiency. Zinc and iron deficiency were associated with male sex, illiterate mothers, lower diversity of food, lower weight, height and BMI. The Zinc level correlated positively to iron level, and both were correlated positively with times of eating meat per week and diversity of food.

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Zinc Micronutrient Deficiency and Its Prevalence in Malnourished Pediatric Children as Compared to Well-Nourished Children: A Nutritional Emergency

Cited by 7 publications

References 28 publications

Estimation of calories intake, iron, zinc, and selenium among children of the underprivileged area in Sindh, Pakistan

Estimation of calories intake, iron, zinc, and selenium among children of the underprivileged area in Sindh, Pakistan

Evaluation of Micronutrients and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Levels in Nutritionally Deprived Children—A Tertiary Care Hospital-Based Study

Iron and Zinc Status in Preschool Children from Rural Areas in Qalyubiya Governorate

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