Zinc-Iron Flow Batteries with Common Electrolyte

Selverston, Steven; Savinell, Robert F.; Wainright, Jesse S.

doi:10.1149/2.0591706jes

Cited by 60 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Normally, ZFBs can be divided into two types according to the pH of the supporting electrolyte ( Figure ): neutral‐ or acidic‐based ZFBs including zinc–cerium flow battery, zinc–TEMPO flow battery, zinc–poly (TEMPO) flow battery, zinc–bromine or iodine flow battery, single zinc–bromine or iodine flow battery and alkaline‐based ZFBs such as zinc–iodine flow battery, single zinc–nickel or air flow battery. Of note is that the zinc–iron flow battery is peculiar, since it can work in a wide range of pH by adopting different varieties of iron couples . The detailed reactions of the zinc anode in different media are as follows

Neutral or acidulous media : {Zn}^{2 +} + 2 {normale}^{-} \underset{Discharge}{\overset{Charge}{⇌}} Zn E^{0} = - 0.763 V

Alkaline media : Zn {(normalOH)}_{4}^{2 -} + 2 {normale}^{-} \underset{Discharge}{\overset{Charge}{⇌}} Zn + {4OH}^{-} E^{0} = - 1.22 V

…”

Section: Categories Of Zinc‐based Flow Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced Materials for Zinc‐Based Flow Battery: Development and Challenge

et al. 2019

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stability and efficiency of the electric grid to portable electronic devices as well as supplying backup power in districts with limited grid connectivity or in off-grid applications, [4][5][6][7] are an effective approach to address these issues.Among the numerous electrochemical energy storage techniques, flow batteries (FBs) are well suited for energy storage because of their perfect combination of high safety, high efficiency and flexibility. [8][9][10] A flow battery realizes the transformation of chemical energy into electric energy through the oxidation and reduction reactions of redox couples stored in electrolytes that typically circulate through the anode and cathode, which are normally separated by an ionconducting membrane. [11] Compared with other battery systems such as lithium-based batteries and lead-based batteries, the power of a flow battery is determined by the size and number of cell stacks, while the energy or capacity of the battery depends on the concentration and the volume of the redox couples in the electrolytes. [12] Hence, the power and energy or capacity of a flow battery can be designed independently, [13] allowing the power of a flow battery to range from the 100 kW to the 100 MW level and the energy of a flow battery to range from the 100 kWh to the 100 MWh level. [14] Normally, the electrolyte of a flow battery consists of an aqueous solution, which endows the technology with high safety and minimal potential risk of fire or explosion. These advantages of flow battery technologies make such devices very suitable for energy storage applications.As a representative flow battery technology, the vanadium flow battery (VFB) has long been considered as one of the most mature technologies and is currently at the commercial demonstration stage. [8,15] However, some limitations and challenges, e.g., the relatively high cost [16] and low energy density, still need to be overcome to realize its industrialization. Recently, tremendous efforts have been devoted to exploring and developing novel flow battery technologies with low costs and high energy densities, e.g., zinc-based flow batteries (ZFBs), [17][18][19][20][21] polymer-based flow batteries, [22][23][24] and quinone-based flow batteries. [25][26][27][28] These newly developed flow battery technologies have demonstrated promise for energy storage applications, although most are still in development in the lab.Zinc-based flow batteries (ZFBs) are well suitable for stationary energy storage applications because of their high energy density and low-cost advantages. Nevertheless, their wide application is still confronted with challenges, which are mainly from advanced materials. Therefore, research on advanced materials for ZFBs in terms of electrodes, membranes, and electrolytes as well as their chemistries are of the utmost importance. Herein, the focus is on the scientific understandings of the fundamental design of these advanced materials and their chemistries in relation to the battery performance. The principles of using different...

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Neutral or acidulous media : {Zn}^{2 +} + 2 {normale}^{-} \underset{Discharge}{\overset{Charge}{⇌}} Zn E^{0} = - 0.763 V

Alkaline media : Zn {(normalOH)}_{4}^{2 -} + 2 {normale}^{-} \underset{Discharge}{\overset{Charge}{⇌}} Zn + {4OH}^{-} E^{0} = - 1.22 V

…”

Section: Categories Of Zinc‐based Flow Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced Materials for Zinc‐Based Flow Battery: Development and Challenge

et al. 2019

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“…[3] However, the low solubility of the [Fe(CN) 6 ] 3− /[Fe(CN) 6 ] 4− couple at high pH limits the energy density and constrains practical implementation. [4] In addition, acidic zinc-bromine hybrid RFBs have been widely studied and are being commercialized; however, the toxicity and corrosivity of bromine limits widespread deployment. [1] Recently, redox-active organic and organometallic molecules have been widely studied for their promise of enabling the development of inexpensive flow batteries.…”

Section: Doi: 101002/aenm201900694mentioning

confidence: 99%

A High Voltage Aqueous Zinc–Organic Hybrid Flow Battery

Park

Beh

Fell

et al. 2019

Advanced Energy Materials

115

114

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hybrid RFBs electrodeposit at least one active species, e.g., lithium, aluminum, or zinc, onto nonflowing electrodes. The metal deposition process usually occurs on the negative electrode side. Although many hybrid RFBs utilize nonaqueous electrolytes to attain high working potential, a zinc-based hybrid system can attain a relatively high working potential in a nonflammable, lower-cost aqueous electrolyte. This is because the zinc/zincate redox couple, Zn/[Zn(OH) 4 ] 2− , in a pH 14 alkaline solution has the advantage of a large negative redox potential of −1.23 V versus the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE). An example is the alkaline zincferricyanide hybrid RFB, which was first reported in the 1970s and is still under development. [3] However, the low solubility of the [Fe(CN) 6 ] 3− /[Fe(CN) 6 ] 4− couple at high pH limits the energy density and constrains practical implementation. [4] In addition, acidic zinc-bromine hybrid RFBs have been widely studied and are being commercialized; however, the toxicity and corrosivity of bromine limits widespread deployment. [1] Recently, redox-active organic and organometallic molecules have been widely studied for their promise of enabling the development of inexpensive flow batteries. [5][6][7] These molecules exhibit structural diversity and broad tunability, permitting the engineering of solubility, redox potential, kinetics, and stability. Many different types of molecules, including quinones, [8][9][10][11][12] phenazines, [13,14] viologens, [7,[15][16][17][18][19] alloxazines, [20] and (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxidanyl, [13,15,16,21,22] have demonstrated good electrochemical performance as redox-active materials in aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFBs). Most of these molecules exhibit low reduction potentials and consequently have been explored as negolyte (negative electrolyte) materials. Some exceptions are tetrachloro-1,4 benzoquinone and 4,5-dihydroxybenzene-1,3-disulfonic acid, which have high positive reduction potentials of >0.8 V versus SHE in acidic solution. [9,11,23] Thus, by pairing high potential organic molecules such as these with the Zn/[Zn(OH) 4 ] 2− redox couple, a new type of hybrid RFB can be designed to achieve a high cell voltage.However, it is difficult to pair an alkaline electrolyte and an acidic electrolyte within conventional single-membrane RFBs due to H + or OH − crossover. Recently, ceramic membranes and bipolar polymer membranes have been introduced into singlemembrane pH-differential flow cells, but the high resistance of these membranes has severely limited the current density. [24,25] Water-soluble redox-active organic molecules have attracted extensive attention as electrical energy storage alternatives to redox-active metals that are low in abundance and high in cost. Here an aqueous zinc-organic hybrid redox flow battery (RFB) is reported with a positive electrolyte comprising a functionalized 1,4-hydroquinone bearing four (dimethylamino)methyl groups dissolved in sulfuric acid. By utilizing a three-electrolyte...

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“…By contrast, even working at a high current density of 200 mA cm À2 , a battery with BN-M affords a stable performance for nearly 200 cycles, maintaining an EE of above 80 % (Figure 2 c), which is the highest efficiency ever reported among the zinc-based flow battery systems so far. [5,14] After cycling, the battery was disassembled and the cross-section morphology of the BN-M was characterized by FE-SEM. The BNNSs flake layer still remains on the porous substrate after cycling test ( Figure S18), confirming the stability of the BNNSs flake layer on the porous substrate.…”

Section: Angewandte Chemiementioning

confidence: 99%

A Boron Nitride Nanosheets Composite Membrane for a Long‐Life Zinc‐Based Flow Battery

Meng

Zhang

et al. 2020

Angew Chem Int Ed

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The capability to maintain a constant system temperature is vital in nature, since it endows the system with enhanced lifetime. This trait also works for zinc‐based batteries, because their cycle‐life is limited by notorious zinc dendrite/accumulation, which are highly affected by the inhomogeneous distribution of temperature on electrode and relatively low mechanical strength of membrane. Herein, boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs) with high mechanical strength serving as heat‐porter are introduced onto a porous substrate to enable uniform deposition of zinc and further a zinc‐based flow battery with long‐cycle life. The results indicate that BNNSs can effectively adjust the deposited zinc from needle‐like to French fries‐like morphology, thus affording the battery with a stable performance for nearly 500 cycles at 80 mA cm−2. Most importantly, an energy efficiency of above 80 % can be obtained even at 200 mA cm−2, which is by far the highest value ever reported among zinc‐based flow batteries.

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Zinc-Iron Flow Batteries with Common Electrolyte

Cited by 60 publications

References 43 publications

Advanced Materials for Zinc‐Based Flow Battery: Development and Challenge

Advanced Materials for Zinc‐Based Flow Battery: Development and Challenge

A High Voltage Aqueous Zinc–Organic Hybrid Flow Battery

A Boron Nitride Nanosheets Composite Membrane for a Long‐Life Zinc‐Based Flow Battery

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