Zinc Deficiency in Latin America and the Caribbean

Cediel, Gustavo; Olivares, Manuel; Brito, Alex; Cori, Héctor; Romaña, Daniel López de

doi:10.1177/0379572115585781

Cited by 29 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The prevalence of zinc deficiency in the current analysis was similar to the rates of the Southwestern region in Guatemala reported by the Micronutrient Survey (36.8%; MSPAS, ) and slightly higher than the rates of zinc deficiency from Mexico and Ecuador (27.5% and 28.8%, respectively). It is expected that Guatemala would have higher prevalence of zinc deficiency, as stunting (a functional indicator of zinc deficiency; Fischer Walker, & Black, ) is more frequent in Guatemala at ~47%, compared with 14% in Mexico and 29% in Ecuador (Cediel, Olivares, Brito, Cori, & Lopez de Romana, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zinc deficiency associated with anaemia among young children in rural Guatemala

Palacios

Hurley

De-Ponce³

et al. 2019

Maternal & Child Nutrition

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One in four children younger than age five in Guatemala experiences anaemia (haemoglobin <11.0 g/dl). This study characterized the factors and micronutrient deficiencies associated with anaemia in a baseline cross-sectional sample of 182 Guatemalan infants/toddlers and 207 preschoolers, using generalized linear mixed models. Associations between anaemia and maternal, child and household variables, and biomarkers (soluble transferrin receptor, ferritin, zinc, folate, vitamin B12, C-reactive protein, and α1acid glycoprotein) were explored. Rates of anaemia were 56% among infants/toddlers and 12.1% among preschoolers. In children with anaemia, rates of iron deficiency (low ferritin based on inflammation status, and/or high soluble transferrin receptor, ≥1.97 mg/L) and zinc deficiency (serum zinc <65 μg/dl) were 81.1% and 53.7%, respectively.Folate deficiency (either plasma folate <3 ng/ml or erythrocyte folate <100 ng/ml) was 3.3%. Vitamin B12 deficiency (plasma vitamin B12 <148 pmol/L) was 7.5%. For infants and toddlers (<24 months), the odds ratio of anaemia was lower when higher number of adults lived in the household (OR = 0.69; 95% CI [0.53, 0.90]), and higher when children were zinc deficient (OR = 3.40; 95% CI [1.54, 7.47]). For preschoolers (36-60 months), the odds ratio of anaemia was lower for every additional month of age (OR = 0.90; 95% CI [0.81, 1.00]). Findings suggest that micronutrient deficiencies coexist in Guatemalan rural children, and zinc deficiency is associated with anaemia in children <24 months, highlighting the need of continued multidisciplinary interventions with multiple micronutrients. Further research examining how household composition, feeding practices, and accessibility to micronutrient supplements and to animal source foods is needed to incorporate strategies to improve the nutritional status of Guatemalan children.This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zinc deficiency associated with anaemia among young children in rural Guatemala

Palacios

Hurley

De-Ponce³

et al. 2019

Maternal & Child Nutrition

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“…Accordingly, nutritional zinc deficiency leads to growth retardation, taste abnormalities, dermatitis, depilation, immune dysfunction, and higher risk of inflammatory diseases . Inadequate zinc intake was recently reported in children and adults in the USA, Mexico, Colombia, and Japan . The effects of zinc deficiency on immunity are related to the lower production of T lymphocytes and cytokines .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inflammatory response under zinc deficiency is exacerbated by dysfunction of the T helper type 2 lymphocyte–M2 macrophage pathway

et al. 2019

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Nutritional zinc deficiency leads to immune dysfunction and aggravates inflammation. However, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. In this study, the relationship between macrophage subtypes (M1 and M2) and helper T lymphocytes (Th1 and Th2) was investigated using the spleen from rats fed zinc-deficient or standard diet. In experiment I, 5week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a zinc-deficient diet (without zinc additives) or a standard diet (containing 0Á01% zinc) for 6 weeks. In experiment II, the rats were divided into four groups: one group was fed a standard diet for 6 weeks; two groups were fed zinc-deficient diets and were injected three times a week with either saline or interleukin-4 (IL-4) (zinc-deficient/IL-4 i.p.); a fourth group (zinc-deficient/standard) was fed a zinc-deficient diet for 6 weeks followed by a standard diet for 4 weeks. In experiment I; GATA-binding protein 3 (GATA-3) protein level, M2 macrophage, CD3 + CD8 + cells, and IL-4/IL-13-positive cells significantly decreased in the spleens of the zinc-deficient group. Additionally, IL-1b and macrophage inflammatory protein-1a (MIP-1a) mRNA levels significantly increased in the splenic macrophages of the zinc-deficient group. In experiment II; M2 macrophages, CD3 + CD8 + cells, IL-4/IL-13-positive cells, and GATA-3 protein levels significantly increased in the spleens of the zinc-deficient/IL-4 i.p. and zinc-deficient/standard groups. Furthermore, IL-1b and MIP-1a mRNA levels decreased in the splenic macrophages of the zinc-deficient/IL-4 i.p. and zinc-deficient/standard groups. Zinc deficiency-induced aggravated inflammation is related to Th2 lymphocytes and followed by the association with loss of GATA-3, IL-4 and anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages. Importantly, IL-4 injection or zinc supplementation can reverse the effects of zinc deficiency on immune function.

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“…En Guatemala, esta alcanza 34,9% e, incluso, 46,7% en algunas regiones (4) , zonas que también presentan prevalencias elevadas de RC (5) . Con base en el indicador "riesgo de deficiencia de zinc" propuesto por Wessells (6) , el cual integra la prevalencia estimada de consumo inadecuado de zinc y la de RC, Guatemala es uno de los países con mayor riesgo de deficiencia en Latinoamérica (7) .…”

Section: Variablesunclassified

“…La deficiencia de zinc es habitualmente más alta entre los grupos desfavorecidos y vulnerables, con menos acceso a servicios de salud, como las poblaciones indígenas (7,8) . La evidencia disponible sobre el impacto de la suplementación preventiva de zinc respalda la necesidad implementar intervenciones para aumentar la ingesta de este micronutriente en dichas poblaciones (8) .…”

Section: Variablesunclassified

Determinantes dietéticos del consumo de zinc en menores de cinco años con retardo de crecimiento en comunidades mayas de Guatemala

Monroy-Valle

Coyoy

Leon

et al. 2017

Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica

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El objetivo del estudio fue identificar elementos del patrón alimentario que influyen en la ingesta y biodisponibilidad de zinc en niños con retardo del crecimiento (RC) entre 1-5 años en comunidades maya de la localidad de Huehuetenango, Guatemala. Estudio descriptivo, transversal aplicado en 138 niños de entre 1-5 años con RC. Se realizó un inventario de disponibilidad alimentaria de fuentes de zinc, se construyó un cuestionario frecuencia de consumo de alimentos, un cuestionario de condiciones de vida, prácticas alimentarias, antropometría, y se recolectó información acerca de enfermedades infecciosas. Hubo disponibilidad de 28 alimentos fuentes de zinc (54% de baja y 7% de alta biodisponibilidad). El consumo de alimentos de alta biodisponibilidad fue bajo y el de alimentos antagonistas, alto. Los niños consumían 3 mg de zinc al día (IC95% 2,65-3,35). Solo el 14,5% alcanzaba los requerimientos de zinc, y el 2,9% alcanzaba la recomendación diaria. La ocurrencia de diarrea e infecciones, en los quince días previos, fue del 29,71 y 45,65%, respectivamente. Concluimos que la mayoría de niños con RC tuvo un bajo consumo de fuentes de zinc, alto consumo de alimentos antagonistas.Palabras clave: Zinc; Deficiencia de zinc; Desnutrición; Insuficiencia de crecimiento; Consumo de alimentos (fuente: DeCS BIREME). DIETETIC DETERMINANTS OF ZINC CONSUMPTION IN STUNTED CHILDREN UNDER FIVE IN MAYA COMMUNITIES FROM GUATEMALA ABSTRACTThe objective of the study was to identify the elements from feeding patterns that influence the intake and bioavailability of zinc in stunted children (SC) 1-5 years from Maya communities living in Huehuetenango, Guatemala. This descriptive, cross-sectional study was performed in 138 stunted children aged 1-5 years. It was applied: an inventory of zinc food sources availability, a Food Frequency Questionnaire, a questionnaire about living conditions. anthropometrics measurements and information on food intake habits, and information about disease prevalence. Twenty-eight food sources of zinc were available for consumption (54% low and 7% high zinc bioavailability). The consumption of foods with high bioavailability was low, while the antagonistic foods were high. On average the daily zinc consumption in diet 3 mg (95% CI: 2.65-3.35). Only 14.5% of the children met the zinc requirements, and 2.9% reached the daily recommendation. Episodes of diarrhea and respiratory infections were observed 15 days before the visit, in 29.71% and 45.6% of children, respectively. Most of children have a diet that does not cover the daily requirement.

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Zinc Deficiency in Latin America and the Caribbean

Abstract: Background: Zinc deficiency affects multiple vital functions in the life cycle, especially growth.

Cited by 29 publications

References 25 publications

Zinc deficiency associated with anaemia among young children in rural Guatemala

Zinc deficiency associated with anaemia among young children in rural Guatemala

Inflammatory response under zinc deficiency is exacerbated by dysfunction of the T helper type 2 lymphocyte–M2 macrophage pathway

Determinantes dietéticos del consumo de zinc en menores de cinco años con retardo de crecimiento en comunidades mayas de Guatemala

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