Zinc‐Bromine Secondary Battery

Lim, Hong Sik; Lackner, A. M.; Knechtli, R. C.

doi:10.1149/1.2133517

Cited by 173 publications

(112 citation statements)

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“…The cell is operated with AccMix cycles and is inspired by the electrodes used in the batteries with the highest power density, such as the silver oxide-zinc [27] and zinc-bromine [28] secondary batteries and magnesium-silver/silver chloride primary batteries [29]. Figure 1 shows a couple of AccMix cells, one for each of the two flows at different concentrations.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The device described in the present paper (see Section 2) belongs to this family, being based on zinc and silver/silver chloride electrodes dipped into a zinc chloride solution, already described as a secondary battery [26]. The zinc electrodes are widely used in secondary batteries, e.g., in silver oxide-zinc cells [27] and in zinc-bromine flow batteries [28]. Silver/silver chloride electrodes are generally used in association with magnesium electrodes [29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Proof-of-Concept of a Zinc-Silver Battery for the Extraction of Energy from a Concentration Difference

et al. 2014

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The conversion of heat into current can be obtained by a process with two stages. In the first one, the heat is used for distilling a solution and obtaining two flows with different concentrations. In the second stage, the two flows are sent to an electrochemical cell that produces current by consuming the concentration difference. In this paper, we propose such an electrochemical cell, working with water solutions of zinc chloride. The cell contains two electrodes, made respectively of zinc and silver covered by silver chloride. The operation of the cell is analogous to that of the capacitive mixing and of the "mixing entropy battery": the electrodes are charged while dipped in the concentrated solution and discharged when dipped in the diluted solution. The cyclic operation allows us to extract a surplus of energy, at the expense of the free energy of the concentration difference. We evaluate the feasibility of such a cell for practical applications and find that a power up to 2 W per m 2 of the surface of the electrodes can be achieved.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proof-of-Concept of a Zinc-Silver Battery for the Extraction of Energy from a Concentration Difference

et al. 2014

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“…20, which Figure 8 to a Randles circuit. R and R CT refer to the ohmic and charge transfer resistance, respectively.…”

Section: Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (Eis)-electrochem-mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…13 The majority of the cost comes from the system level, where complexing agents, separation membranes, and flow systems are used to prevent the corrosive bromine from reacting with the zinc electrode. [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] In light of this fact, our lab has recently developed a minimal architecture zinc-bromine battery (MA-ZBB), which utilizes the same chemistry from commercial zinc-bromine flow batteries, but does not require the need of any passive components, significantly reducing the cost (projected ∼$94/kWh).24 The MA-ZBB is composed of two carbon based electrodes, which are spatially separated in the vertical direction, in an aqueous electrolyte containing zinc-bromide salt. The battery does not contain any passive components for controlling bromine/zinc interaction (i.e.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification of the Voltage Losses in the Minimal Architecture Zinc-Bromine Battery Using GITT and EIS

Knehr

Biswas

Steingart

2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The sources of voltage loss in the minimal architecture zinc bromine battery are characterized using the galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) on a cell with a three electrode setup. Monitoring of the electrode voltages during charge/discharge indicate the full cell capacity is limited by the Zn/Zn 2+ negative electrode. From GITT, the losses in voltage due to mass transport are shown to be relatively small in comparison to the IR resistance in the cell. In addition, it is shown that decreases in the open circuit voltage with respect to theory are likely caused by the complexation of Br 2 into Br X − . Using EIS, the charge transfer resistances at each electrode and ohmic resistances of each component are determined. Overall, the main factors restricting the voltage of the cell are the ohmic resistances in the carbon cloth current collectors and in the electrolyte. Additionally, significant charge transfer resistances are observed at the negative electrode near the start of charge and end of discharge, when the amount of zinc plated on the carbon cloth electrode is minimal. The major design criteria for electrochemical energy storage on the grid-scale are low cost and long lifetime. To accomplish this, research efforts have largely focused on the development of lowcost active materials which are incorporated into traditional battery designs.1-10 These designs typically contain a considerable amount of passive components that are necessary for extending the lifetime of the battery. An undesired consequence of combining inexpensive materials with passive components is the balance-of-plant cost far outweighs the active material cost.For example, zinc-bromine redox flow batteries have been shown to perform with less than 20% capacity fade for 2,500 cycles. 11,12 However, the cost of this technology (>$200 kWh) is still prohibitive even though the active materials and carbon electrodes only account for ∼$8 kWh. 13 The majority of the cost comes from the system level, where complexing agents, separation membranes, and flow systems are used to prevent the corrosive bromine from reacting with the zinc electrode. [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] In light of this fact, our lab has recently developed a minimal architecture zinc-bromine battery (MA-ZBB), which utilizes the same chemistry from commercial zinc-bromine flow batteries, but does not require the need of any passive components, significantly reducing the cost (projected ∼$94/kWh).24 The MA-ZBB is composed of two carbon based electrodes, which are spatially separated in the vertical direction, in an aqueous electrolyte containing zinc-bromide salt. The battery does not contain any passive components for controlling bromine/zinc interaction (i.e. pumps, membranes or complexing agents). Instead, the electrodes are vertically separated to utilize the variations in density between bromine and the aqueous electrolyte as an advantage to minimize self-discharge. At the negative electrode on top of th...

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“…Several hybrid flow batteries (hybrid because one of the charged chemical components is on the electrode surface) have also been examined, namely the copper-lead dioxide [18], zinc-bromine [19], zinc-cerium [20], zinc-nickel [21], zinc-chlorine [22] and zinc-air [23] batteries. It is not too surprising that the majority of these hybrid flow batteries are zinc-based as zinc has a relatively high negative reversible potential and is already extensively employed in the battery industry.…”

Section: Page 3 Of 25mentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors affecting the performance of the Zn-Ce redox flow battery

Nikiforidis

Cartwright

Hodgson

et al. 2014

Electrochimica Acta

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This version is available at https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/50808/ Strathprints is designed to allow users to access the research output of the University of Strathclyde. Unless otherwise explicitly stated on the manuscript, Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Please check the manuscript for details of any other licences that may have been applied. You may not engage in further distribution of the material for any profitmaking activities or any commercial gain. You may freely distribute both the url (https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/) and the content of this paper for research or private study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge.Any correspondence concerning this service should be sent to the Strathprints administrator: strathprints@strath.ac.ukThe Strathprints institutional repository (https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk) is a digital archive of University of Strathclyde research outputs. It has been developed to disseminate open access research outputs, expose data about those outputs, and enable the management and persistent access to Strathclyde's intellectual output. This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. AbstractThe Hull Cell was used to investigate the impact of current density j on the morphology and uniformity of zinc electrodeposited from a 2.5 mol dm −3 Zn 2+ solution in 1.5 mol dmmethanesulfonic acid at 40°C onto carbon-composite surfaces. The range of the applied deposition current density used was between 1 mA cm −2 and 100 mA cm −2 . Good, robust deposits were obtained when j ≥ 10 mA cm _2 whereas at j's lower than this, patchy films formed due to the competing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) on the bare carboncomposite surface. An understanding of these effects and its application in the redox flow battery enabled both the coulombic and cell potential efficiencies to be maintained at relatively high values, 90% and 69% respectively, indicating a successful inhibition of the HER on the fully formed Zn layer. Flow velocity at the low Reynolds number in the cell (Re <200) had little impact on the electrochemical cell performance. Depletion of the cerium species became an issue for long charge times.

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Zinc‐Bromine Secondary Battery

Cited by 173 publications

References 0 publications

Proof-of-Concept of a Zinc-Silver Battery for the Extraction of Energy from a Concentration Difference

Proof-of-Concept of a Zinc-Silver Battery for the Extraction of Energy from a Concentration Difference

Quantification of the Voltage Losses in the Minimal Architecture Zinc-Bromine Battery Using GITT and EIS

Factors affecting the performance of the Zn-Ce redox flow battery

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