Zinc and zinc ligands in human seminal plasma

Arver, Stefan

doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1982.tb10600.x

Cited by 56 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The prostate is another organ where zinc is secreted from vesicles into the prostate fluid. In the prostate, zinc inhibition of aconitase is thought to be responsible for the accumulation of citrate, which could serve as a zinc ligand in prostatic secretion and in seminal fluid [72]. The coordination environment of zinc in other zinc-storing vesicles and its change when secreted from a variety of other zinc-secreting cells is not known, nor is it known in which form cytosolic zinc is provided to the ZnT transporters.…”

Section: The Coordination Of Zinc In the “Free” Zinc Poolmentioning

confidence: 99%

The biological inorganic chemistry of zinc ions

Krężel

Maret

2016

Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics

581

356

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The solution and complexation chemistry of zinc ions is the basis for zinc biology. In living organisms, zinc is redox-inert and has only one valence state: Zn(II). Its coordination environment in proteins is limited by oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur donors from the side chains of a few amino acids. In an estimated 10% of all human proteins, zinc has a catalytic or structural function and remains bound during the lifetime of the protein. However, in other proteins zinc ions bind reversibly with dissociation and association rates commensurate with the requirements in regulation, transport, transfer, sensing, signalling, and storage. In contrast to the extensive knowledge about zinc proteins, the coordination chemistry of the “mobile” zinc ions in these processes, i.e. when not bound to proteins, is virtually unexplored and the mechanisms of ligand exchange are poorly understood. Knowledge of the biological inorganic chemistry of zinc ions is essential for understanding its cellular biology and for designing complexes that deliver zinc to proteins and chelating agents that remove zinc from proteins, for detecting zinc ion species by qualitative and quantitative analysis, and for proper planning and execution of experiments involving zinc ions and nanoparticles such as zinc oxide (ZnO). In most investigations, reference is made to zinc or Zn2+ without full appreciation of how biological zinc ions are buffered and how the d-block cation Zn2+ differs from s-block cations such as Ca2+ with regard to significantly higher affinity for ligands, preference for the donor atoms of ligands, and coordination dynamics. Zinc needs to be tightly controlled. The interaction with low molecular weight ligands such as water and inorganic and organic anions is highly relevant to its biology but in contrast to its coordination in proteins has not been discussed in the biochemical literature. From the discussion in this article, it is becoming evident that zinc ion speciation is important in zinc biochemistry and for biological recognition as a variety of low molecular weight zinc complexes have already been implicated in biological processes, e.g. with ATP, glutathione, citrate, ethylenediaminedisuccinic acid, nicotianamine, or bacillithiol.

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Section: The Coordination Of Zinc In the “Free” Zinc Poolmentioning

confidence: 99%

The biological inorganic chemistry of zinc ions

Krężel

Maret

2016

Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics

581

356

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“…Normal epithelial prostate cells inhibit the enzyme aconitase, responsible for the conversion of citrate in isocitrate, and secrete large amounts of citrate into the prostatic fluid (40–150 mM citrate in the prostatic fluid in comparison with 0.2 mM in blood plasma) [86]. Citrate is likely to act as a seminal buffering agent, a chelator of free Ca ++ and Zn ++ , and possibly a scavenger of free radicals [87–90]. In contrast, during transformation, PCa cells no longer secrete citrate and reactivate instead the TCA cycle, increasing the oxidation of citrate [91] as energy source.…”

Section: Alteration Of Lipid Metabolism In Prostate Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

The fat side of prostate cancer

Zadra

Photopoulos

Loda

2013

Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biolog

244

268

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Prostate cancer (PCa) metabolism appears to be unique in comparison with other type of solid cancers. Normal prostate cells mainly rely on glucose oxidation to provide precursors for the synthesis and secretion of citrate, resulting in an incomplete Krebs cycle and minimal oxidative phosphorylation for energy production. In contrast, during transformation, PCa cells no longer secrete citrate and they reactivate the Krebs cycle as energy source. Moreover, primary PCas do not show increased aerobic glycolysis and therefore they are not efficiently detectable with 18F-FDG-PET. However, increased de novo lipid synthesis, strictly intertwined with deregulation in classical oncogenes and oncosuppressors, is an early event of the disease. Up-regulation and increased activity of lipogenic enzymes (including fatty acid synthase and choline kinase) occurs throughout PCa carcinogenesis and correlates with worse prognosis and poor survival. Thus, lipid precursors such as acetate and choline have been successfully used as alternative tracers for PET imaging. Lipid synthesis intermediates and FA catabolism also emerged as important players in PCa maintenance. Finally, epidemiologic studies suggested that systemic metabolic disorders including obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes as well as hypercaloric and fat-rich diets might increase the risk of PCa. However, how metabolic disorders contribute to PCa development and whether dietary lipids and de novo lipids synthesized intra-tumor are differentially metabolized still remains unclear. In this review, we examine the switch in lipid metabolism supporting the development and progression of PCa and we discuss how we can exploit its lipogenic nature for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes.

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“…This fits well with the observed results (Text- fig. 2), and there is good evidence for a direct association of prostatic citrate and zinc (Arver, 1982;Kavanagh, 1983). As the citrate concentration is more than double the total divalent metal concentration, not all the citric acid groups will be metal associated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, citrate and chloride content of human prostatic and seminal fluid

Kavanagh¹

1985

Reproduction

136

105

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The ionic composition of human prostatic fluid varied greatly between individuals, reflecting the secretory activity of the gland and the presence or absence of prostatic inflammatory disease. In normal prostatic fluid the major anion was citrate, while chloride concentrations were lower. Their counterions were mainly sodium and potassium, together with calcium, magnesium and zinc. Prostatic secretions from men with prostatitis comprised mainly sodium and chloride. The electrolytes were closely correlated to each other (except for sodium, which was essentially invariant at about 145 nm). The molar changes per mole of citrate were about 0.52, potassium; -0.53, chloride; 0.17, calcium; 0.14, magnesium; and 0.09, zinc. The pH was also associated with citrate, decreasing from 8.0 to 6.2 as the citrate increased. These various ionic changes can be explained as responses to citrate secretion, without the need to propose specific transport mechanisms for the other ions measured. The marked effect of prostatic inflammation on the composition of prostatic fluid can be seen as being due mainly to decreased secretion rather than active modification.

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Zinc and zinc ligands in human seminal plasma

Cited by 56 publications

References 21 publications

The biological inorganic chemistry of zinc ions

The biological inorganic chemistry of zinc ions

The fat side of prostate cancer

Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, citrate and chloride content of human prostatic and seminal fluid

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