Zinc‐ and strontium‐ co‐incorporated nanorods on titanium surfaces with favorable material property, osteogenesis, and enhanced antibacterial activity

Abstract

Early infection and peri‐implantitis after implant restoration are major reasons for dental implant failure. Implant‐associated infections are majorly attributed to biofilm formation. In this study, co‐incorporated zinc‐ (Zn‐) and strontium‐ (Sr‐) nanorod coating on sandblasted and acid‐etched (SLA) titanium (SLA‐Zn/Sr) was fabricated by hydrothermal synthesis. It was aimed at promoting osteogenesis while inhibiting biofilm formation. The nanorod‐like particles (φ 30–50 nm) were found to be evenly formed on SLA‐Zn/Sr (Zn: 1.49 ± 0.16 wt%; Sr: 21.69 ± 2.74 wt%) that was composed of well‐crystallized ZnTiO3 and SrTiO3 phases. With a sufficient interface bonding strength (42.00 ± 3.00 MPa), SLA‐Zn/Sr enhanced the corrosion resistance property of titanium. Besides, SLA‐Zn/Sr promoted the cellular initial adhesion, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of rBMSCs in vitro while inhibiting the adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus and Porphyromonas gingivalis . In addition, through down‐regulating icaA gene expression, this novel surface reduced the secretion of polysaccharide intercellular adhesion (reduced by 87.9% compared to SLActive) to suppress the S. aureus biofilm formation. We, therefore, propose a new chemical modification on titanium for multifunctional implant material development. Due to the Zn/Sr co‐doping in coating, material properties, early osteogenic effect and antibacterial ability of titanium can be simultaneously enhanced, which has the potential to be applied in dental implantation in the future.

The effect of strontium content on physicochemical and osteogenic property of Sr/Ag‐containing TiO2 microporous coatings

“…In the current study, the Sr 2+ release levels are less than 9.5 ppm at day 1 and 0.03 ppm at day 30, which are far below the concentration mentioned above to exert a negative effect. It is interesting to see that most of studies on Ti coatings, including Sr/Zn‐containing TiO 2 coating, 4 TiCPCF‐Sr coating, 19 Sr/Ag‐containing TiO 2 coating, 10 SLA‐Zn/Sr nano‐rod coating, 24 Sr 2+ release were also controlled at similar levels ranging from 0.479 to 6.0 ppm. In another study by Barrioni et al, the effective Sr 2+ concentrations on osteogenesis of Sr‐containing bioceramics ranged from 2 to 6 μg/mL (2–6 ppm), 23 which are compatible to our results.…”

“…Low concentration of Sr benefit adhesion, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and preosteoblats, as well as angiogenic activity of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) 3–8,10,18–23 . Nevertheless, higher Sr concentration has deleterious effect on these biological processes 4,19–21,24 . This is also supported by in vivo investigations, in which low dose Sr can improve bone microarchitecture to prevent or treat osteoporosis, 25,26 whereas high dose and long‐term use may lead to some cardiovascular side effects 27 .…”

“…[3][4][5][6][7][8]10,[18][19][20][21][22][23] Nevertheless, higher Sr concentration has deleterious effect on these biological processes. 4,[19][20][21]24 This is also supported by in vivo investigations, in which low dose Sr can improve bone microarchitecture to prevent or treat osteoporosis, 25,26 whereas high dose and long-term use may lead to some cardiovascular side effects. 27 Another study demonstrated that high dose Sr altered bone mineralization and even led to osteomalacia in a rat model with chronic renal failure.…”

iTRAQ‐based proteomic analysis reveals potential osteogenesis‐promoted role of ATM in strontium‐incorporated titanium implant

“…Recently, strontium (Sr) has been clinically used to treat osteoporosis through activating the calcium‐sensing receptor in osteoclasts or osteoblasts, which further modulates MAPK ERK1/2 and Wnt/NFATc signaling pathways to promote osteogenesis 13 . Our previous studies have confirmed that Sr‐incorporated titanium implants and Zn/Sr‐co‐incorporated titanium implants did well in promoting rapid bone formation 14–17 . However, the potential mechanisms remain unclear.…”

“…The work-flow of the present study titanium implants and Zn/Sr-co-incorporated titanium implants did well in promoting rapid bone formation. [14][15][16][17] However, the potential mechanisms remain unclear.…”