Zinc and Lead Solvent Extraction and Electrowinning

Complexation-driven ion-exchange polymer inclusion membranes for separation of cobalt and nickel ions from lithium-ion via proton pumping

“…This increase in demand poses challenges to their supply chains and has an environmental impact. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9] Conventional metal recovery methods, such as solvent extraction, 10,11 adsorption, 12,13 ion exchange, 14,15 and electrowinning, 16,17 come with signicant drawbacks, including toxic waste creation, high costs, energy demands, and the need for large amounts of extractants. Therefore, there's a pressing need for an eco-friendly, efficient, and less extractant-dependent separation method to lessen environmental impact.…”