Zinc and Copper with New Triazine Hydrazone Ligand: Two Novel Organic Complexes Enhanced Expression of Peptide Growth Factors and Cytokine Genes in Weaned V-Line Rabbit

Abstract

Simple Summary: Zinc and Copper are two important trace minerals, which are involved in numerous vital biological activities in animal's body, such as enzyme activation and enhancement of immune function, growth, reproduction, DNA synthesis, cell division, and neurotransmitters production. Recently, the application of trace mineral organic complexes in animal feed received much more attention than the inorganic sources. The organic sources can contribute significantly to improving animals' health and reproduction, as the minerals are more biologically available and absorbable than they are when coming from the inorganic sources. In this study, three injectable varieties of Zn and Cu supplementation, sulfate, inorganic (loaded with montmorillonite), and novel organic (ligand with triazine hydrazone), were tested with weaned rabbits. The results revealed that these three mineral types vary at the most biological responses, and only one category of our novel organic complexes provided consistent animal performance improvement, including weight gain, serum antioxidant, meat quality, intestine morphometry, and the expression of peptide growth factors and cytokine genes. To our knowledge, this is the first work on the Zn and Cu with triazine hydrazone ligand as two organic complexes in rabbits.Abstract: Two novel transitional organic Zn/Cu complexes based on a new biocompatible bidentate triazine-hydrazone ligand (Thz) was designed, synthesized, and evaluated in this study. This study evaluated the effects of injecting 60 mg of Zn and 40 mg of Cu in three different forms, twice per week, for eight weeks on growth performance, expression of growth factors and cytokine genes, carcass yield, blood biochemicals, and intestinal morphology in weaned rabbits. The tested complexes were sulfate (Cu/ZnSO 4 ), montmorillonite (Cu/Zn-Mnt), and triazine hydrazone (Cu/Zn-Thz). A total of 60 Animals 2019, 9, 1134 2 of 17 V-line weaned rabbits at four weeks of age were assigned to four treatments (n = 15), which were intramuscularly injected with 0.5 mL of either (1) saline (control) or saline containing (2) Cu/ZnSO 4 , (3) Cu/Zn-Mnt, or (4) Cu/Zn-Thz. Compared to the controls, the rabbits injected with Cu/Zn-Thz showed a higher (p < 0.01) growth rate, carcass yield (p < 0.05), and liver expression of insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), growth hormone receptor (GHR), fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF1), and transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFB1) (p < 0.05), as well as better jejunum morphometric variables (p < 0.05). On the other hand, mRNA of FGF1, TGF1, TCIRG1, and adenosine deaminase (ADA) were higher expressed (p < 0.05) in the spleen tissues of Cu/Zn-Mnt group. Collectively, the results indicated that our novel synthesized organic complexes of Zn/Cu-Thz proved to be a suitable feed supplement, as it increased rabbit productive performance through enhancing expression of peptide growth factors and cytokine genes.

Health Aspects, Growth Performance, and Meat Quality of Rabbits Receiving Diets Supplemented with Lettuce Fertilized with Whey Protein Hydrolysate Substituting Nitrate

“…Assessment of physicochemical attributes was conducted on rabbit meat samples from musculus Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL), as outlined earlier [13,14]. The pH-meter (Jenway 3510 pH-meter, Cole-Parmer, Staffordshire, UK) was triply calibrated at three different pH points and then directly inserted into the LTL muscle to record the ultimate pH.…”

Effects of Dietary Fatty Acids from Different Sources on Growth Performance, Meat Quality, Muscle Fatty Acid Deposition, and Antioxidant Capacity in Broilers

“…On day 21 and 42, one broiler per cage (near the average body weight, n = 7) was chosen to evaluate carcass traits and meat quality. The muscle color (lightness, redness, and yellowness values) in the left breast muscle and thigh muscle were measured from 3 orientations (middle, medial, and lateral) using a Chromameter (CR-410, Konica Minolta, Tokyo, Japan) according to the method by Elokil et al [13]. The plastic bag method was utilized to determine drip loss in the breast and thigh muscles.…”

Prophylaxis of microelementosis in rabbits using a mixture of glauconite, succinic, humic and fulvic acids and minerals

“…Increase in catalase activity in blood serum of rabbits of the control group may indicate pro-activation of processes of lipid peroxidation (Brechka et al, 2019). Elokil et al (2019) determined that addition of zinc and cuprum to the diets of rabbits had a positive effect on the antioxidant properties of the organism and formation of essential aminoacids. When studying activity of catalase in control group II, where the dry mixture of glauconite, succinic acid, humic and fulvic acids and lactates of zinc, manganese, cuprum, cobalt and iron was given with fodder, we observed its significant decrease, which is an indicator of positive effect on antioxidant properties of rabbits' organism.…”

“…Scientists all around the globe seek for, study and develop efficient mineral additives, preparations and biologically active substances for treatment of impaired metabolism in animals, including rabbits (Raafat, 2011;Mista & Rzasa, 2012;Elokil et al, 2019;Lieshchova et al, 2020). According to most scientists, the most effective way of preventing metabolic disorders in rabbits is use of complex preparations, and therefore the search for them still continues.…”

“…Rabbits' diet, balanced by such microelements as zinc, cuprum, selenium, manganese, cobalt, iron, promotes correct functioning of protecting mechanisms of the rabbit organism (Ebeid et al, 2013;Abd El-Rahim, 2017;Clauss & Hatt, 2017). Elokil et al (2019) determined a positive effect of supplementing the diet of rabbits with zinc and cuprum on antioxidant properties of the organism of animals and development of essential aminoacids. A similar positive effect on the antioxidant system of the rabbit organism was determined by scientists Tsekhmistrenko & Fedorchenko (2015 using vitamin-mineral supplement that contained potassium, phosphorus, sodium, cuprum, zinc, manganese, iron, iodine, cobalt and selenium and vitamins А, D 3 , Е, К 3 , В 1 , В 2 , В 3 , В 4 , В 5 , В 6 , В 12 .…”