Zinc and Copper Nutritional Studies in Very Low Birth Weight Infants: Comparison of Stable Isotopic Extrinsic Tag and Chemical Balance Methods1

Ehrenkranz, Richard A.; Gettner, Patricia; Nelli, Catherine M; Sherwonit, Elaine; Williams, Joanne E.; Ting, Bill T. G.; Janghorbani, Morteza

doi:10.1203/00006450-198910000-00004

Cited by 75 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The explanation for the differences in findings between this study in preterm infants and that of Ehrenkrantz et al (5) cannot be determined with certainty. Potential differences in fecal transit in formula-fed compared with human milk-fed infants would also imply differences in passage of unabsorbed isotope, which may not have been detected within the predetermined time frame (3 d) of the fecal collections in the Ehrenkrantz study.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 52%

“…The total dietary zinc in this study was generous relative to current recommendations of 0.6 -1.7 mg/kg/d (2,15), but was similar to intake in several other studies (5,7,16). The addition of human milk fortifier to the expressed human milk provided intakes well within the recommended range and to levels that were ‫%58ف‬ of those fed the preterm infant formula.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Studies of zinc homeostasis in premature infants to date have been somewhat conflicting regarding zinc requirements and the optimal daily zinc intake in this population (1,2,(5)(6)(7). The objectives of this study were to compare zinc homeostasis in premature infants fed either premature infant formula or fortified human milk; to examine interrelationships of variables of zinc homeostasis, including size of EZP; and to examine the findings in relation to estimated zinc requirements of preterm infants.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Zinc Homeostasis in Premature Infants Does Not Differ Between Those Fed Preterm Formula or Fortified Human Milk

et al. 2004

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 52%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Zinc Homeostasis in Premature Infants Does Not Differ Between Those Fed Preterm Formula or Fortified Human Milk

et al. 2004

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“…The net negative Cu balance of the VLBW infant, observed by several researchers (3)(4)(5)(6), has been suggested to be due to the immaturity of their gastrointestinal tract, resulting in decreased resorption of endogenous losses (7).…”

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confidence: 99%

Copper Status of Very Low Birth Weight Infants during the First 12 Months of Infancy

L’Abbé

Friel

1992

Pediatr Res

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ABSTRACT. The Cu intake and status of 106 very low birth weight (VLBW) infants (birth weight 1152 ± 251 g, gestational age 29 ± 3 wk, mean ± SD) were determined approximately 1 mo before hospital discharge, at discharge (time 0), and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 mo ± 3 wk corrected for gestational age. Infants were fed either formula plus supplemental Zn/Cu (SUPPL, n = 29); formula plus placebo (PLAC, n = 26); or a low birth weight formula (LBWF, n = 26) or were breast-fed (BRMLK, n = 25).Plasma Cu levels in the formula-fed infants increased significantly at each time period with no significant differences between feeding groups. Hair Cu was significantly higher in the SUPPL group compared to the PLAC, LBWF, and BRMLK groups at 3 and 6 mo. Erythrocyte Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) activity was lowest in the PLAC group. Cu intake was positively correlated with both hair Cu (r = 0.291, p < 0.0001) and erythrocyte CuZnSOD activity (r = 0.281, p < 0.001) but not with plasma Cu. An increasing number of formula-fed infants had very low CuZnSOD activity (less than 2 SD below mean) with increasing age (n = 1,2,8, 11, and 13 infants at times 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 mo, respectively). At 12 mo, approximately one third of the formula-fed VLBW infants in this study had low Cu status as assessed by CuZnSOD activity. Infants with the lowest CuZnSOD activity were those with the largest weight gains from 0 to 6 mo and were observed in all formula-fed groups. Thus, these data suggest that in formula-fed infants erythrocyte CuZnSOD activity is a more appropriate indicator of Cu status in the VLBW infant than plasma Cu levels and that the fastest growing VLBW infants may be at risk for Cu deficiency.

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“…This recommendation seems to be justified because these children absorb no more than approximatly 15% of the Cu supplied with bottled milk due to its high casein content (cf. Section 2), whereas they absorb about 60% from breast milk (Ehrenkranz et al, 1989).…”

Section: What Is the Role Of Cu In Oxidative Stress?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hohenheim Consensus Workshop: Copper

Schümann¹,

Classen

Dieter

et al. 2002

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Copper (Cu) is an essential trace element with many physiological functions. Homeostatic mechanisms exist to allow Cu to act as a cofactor in enzymatic processes and to prevent accumulation of Cu to toxic levels. The aim of this commentary is to better understand the role of dietary Cu supply in deficiency and under physiological and pathological conditions. The essentiality of Cu can be attributed to its role as a cofactor in a number of enzymes that are involved in the defence against oxidative stress. Cu, however, has a second face, that of a toxic compound as it is observed with accumulating evidence in hepatic, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. The destructive potential of Cu can be attributed to inherent physico-chemical properties.The main property is its ability to take part in Fenton-like reactions in which the highly reactive and extremely deleterious hydroxyl radical is formed. Diseases caused by dietary Cu overload could be based on a genetic predisposition. Thus, an assessment of risk-groups, such as infants with impaired mechanisms of Cu homeostasis regarding detoxification, is of special interest, as their Cu intake with resuspended formula milk may be very high. This implies the need for reliable diagnostic markers to determine the Cu status. These topics were introduced at the workshop by the participants followed by extensive group discussion. The consensus statements were agreed on by all members. One of the conclusions is that a re-assessment of published data is necessary and future research is required.

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Zinc and Copper Nutritional Studies in Very Low Birth Weight Infants: Comparison of Stable Isotopic Extrinsic Tag and Chemical Balance Methods1

Cited by 75 publications

References 18 publications

Zinc Homeostasis in Premature Infants Does Not Differ Between Those Fed Preterm Formula or Fortified Human Milk

Zinc Homeostasis in Premature Infants Does Not Differ Between Those Fed Preterm Formula or Fortified Human Milk

Copper Status of Very Low Birth Weight Infants during the First 12 Months of Infancy

Hohenheim Consensus Workshop: Copper

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