Zimbabwe’s Socialist development experiment 1980-1989

Makaye, Peter

doi:10.9790/0837-1826368

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…As Allison (2015) points out in ISS Today (Institute for Security Studies), his analysis "Lesotho's electoral system can be considered democratic, but it must be questioned whether it is the best system for this fragile state," many people believe a free and fair electoral process automatically means a country is democratic, but there are multiple factors to consider. Some argue that Zimbabwe is not really a democracy in practice because elections 88 Cihan University-Erbil Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 10.24086/cuejhss.vol7n1y2023.pp87-97 have been consistently won by the ruling party ZANU-PF, who have been accused of using unfair methods to stay in power; freedom of speech is restricted and opposition is not tolerated; the government controls the mass media, which is censored, and opposition party workers are harassed and disrupted in their meetings (Makaye and Dube, 2014), Institute of Security Studies, 2023. Zimbabwe, Lesotho, and Angola show that certain governments lack truly democratic administrations and have regressed economically with little human progress.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reviewing Southern Africa’s Status as a Developmental Region through Governance and Development

Joseph

2024

Cihan U Erbil J H SOC SCI

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This case study discusses how the democratic governance principles and norms impact development in the SADC, and how institutional and structural reforms require greater participation by society to address the governance challenges encountered in this subregion of Africa. Consequently, the aim of this paper is to examine and assess the relationship between SADC’s governance, democratic principles and norms, development plans and processes. A comparative analysis was conducted using SADC’s key democratic achievement connected to policies, processes, and remaining challenges. Subsequently, the key causes of SADC’s slow development on the African continent were explored, focusing on the failure to institutionalise liberal democratic governance consistently during postcolonial transition periods, speculating SADC’s slow development. The findings suggest that SADC is impacted by democratic principles, norms, and processes, such as local governance, civil society, and decentralisation of power. Bearing in mind Southern Africa’s economic frailty, elevated levels of civil unrest and poor service delivery, SADC authorities require a strong sub-regional governance strategy supported by robust national programmes to determine and overcome the factors hindering the institutionalisation of democratic principles in SADC, and promote strengthened institutional capacity. The unambiguous progression towards the consolidation of democracy, within the SADC, has impacted the governance and development successes of the region, resulting in democratic values and practices remaining shallowly rooted, and slow progress toward open and transparent governance.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reviewing Southern Africa’s Status as a Developmental Region through Governance and Development

Joseph

2024

Cihan U Erbil J H SOC SCI

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Long - Term Effects of Topical Amniotic Membrane Stem Cell Metabolite Product (AMSC-MP) and Fractional CO2 Laser in Photoaging

Pitasari¹,

Hidayati²,

Listiawan³

et al. 2020

BIKK

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Background: Photoaging causes wrinkles, lentigines, keratoses, dyspigmentation, telangiectasia, decreased elasticity, rough texture, and pale color. Facial wrinkles and mottled skin can negatively affect perceived attractiveness, self-esteem, personality, and level of acceptance. Stem cells are important cells in the skin, and they are the source for continuous regeneration of the epidermis. It can be extracted from many sources, including amnion. Amnion membrane stem cell (AMSC) can be cultured and secretes metabolite product, and it can rejuvenate aging skin. Laser-Assisted Drug Delivery (LADD) involves selective destruction of the layers of the epidermis and dermis to allow penetration and absorption of topical drugs as well as large molecular weight drugs such as stem cells. Purpose: To evaluate the long-term effects of topical administration of AMSC metabolite products (AMSC -MP) and fractional CO2 laser on the clinical improvement of photoaging compared to previous skin conditions. Methods: This was an observational study which was aimed to evaluate the long-term effects of clinical improvement after topical therapy of AMSC-MP and fractional CO2 laser in patients with photoaging. Results: The results of the analysis showed a decrease in wrinkles, dark spots, skin tone, and pores. Conclusion: Based on Janus-II® assessment, there was improvement degrees of wrinkles, dark spots, and pores in patients with photoaging who received fractional CO2laser fractional for 12 weeks. There were no side effects found in this study.

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Long Term Effects of Combination of Metabolite Product Amniotic Membrane Stem Cell (MP-AMSC) and Vitamin C after Fractional CO2 Laser for Photoaging Treatment

Adiningtyas

Listiawan

Astari

2020

BIKK

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Background: Metabolite Products Amniotic Membrane Stem Cell (MP-AMSC) originating from the amniotic membrane has a skin rejuvenation effect by stimulating collagen synthesis. Vitamin C functions as an antioxidant in photoaging treatment. It is expected that the application of a combination of MP-AMSC and vitamin C after fractional CO2 laser treatment as Laser-Assisted Drug Delivery (LADD) to provide better long-term effects on clinical improvement of photoaged skin. As the drug penetration reaching the target, long-term effects and no side effects are expected. This promises as an option for photoaging therapy in the future. Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the long-term effects of a combination of topical MP-AMSC mixtures and vitamin C after fractional CO2 laser treatment on wrinkles, spots, pores, and skin tones. Methods: Thirty adult women with photoaged skins were selected as samples, and were observed for wrinkles, spots, pores, and skin tones examination. The observation involved computer-simulated photographic devices, Facial Skin Scope System Janus-II for three months after the topical administration of MP-AMSC mixture and vitamin C, three times fractional CO2 laser, tretinoin 0.025% cream, and sun protection factor (SPF) 30 sunscreen as maintenance therapy. Result: The data analysis result was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Conclusion: There was a long-term effect of the application of a mixture of topical MP-AMSC and vitamin C after fractional CO2 laser treatment, and no side effect was observed.

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Zimbabwe’s Socialist development experiment 1980-1989

Cited by 3 publications

References 1 publication

Reviewing Southern Africa’s Status as a Developmental Region through Governance and Development

Reviewing Southern Africa’s Status as a Developmental Region through Governance and Development

Long - Term Effects of Topical Amniotic Membrane Stem Cell Metabolite Product (AMSC-MP) and Fractional CO2 Laser in Photoaging

Long Term Effects of Combination of Metabolite Product Amniotic Membrane Stem Cell (MP-AMSC) and Vitamin C after Fractional CO2 Laser for Photoaging Treatment

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