Zika virus infections imported to Italy: Clinical, immunological and virological findings, and public health implications

Zammarchi, Lorenzo; Stella, Giulia Maria; Mantella, Antonia; Bartolozzi, Dario; Tappe, Dennis; Günther, Stephan; Oestereich, Lisa; Cadar, Dániel; Muñoz‐Fontela, César; Bartoloni, Alessandro; Schmidt‐Chanasit, Jonas

doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2014.12.005

Cited by 167 publications

(129 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…At present, more than 30 countries in Asia, Africa, Oceania, Micronesia and South America have reported indigenous human ZIKV cases [29]. The travel-related cases from epidemic and endemic regions were also reported in North America, Australia, Europe and Japan [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]. As of 27th July 2016, a total of 50 territories and countries in the Americas have reported ZIKV infections.…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other frequently described clinical signs associated with acute infection include headache, myalgia, hematospermia [51], asthenia, transient hearing loss [65], retro-orbital pain and subcutaneous bleeding [66]. There are additional rarely observed symptoms of ZIKV disease, including nausea, diarrhea, mucous membrane ulceration, abdominal pain, pruritus and thrombocytopenia [34].…”

Section: Adultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The biochemical and hematological laboratory parameters are generally normal, though some patients may have transient and mild leucopenia, lymphopenia or activated lymphocytes, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, monocytosis, increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate and raised serum levels of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, ferritin, fibrinogen and C-reactive protein during the course of the viremic phase [20,32,34].…”

Section: Adultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Zika virus disease: a current review of the literature

et al. 2016

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Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Adultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Adultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Zika virus disease: a current review of the literature

et al. 2016

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“…ZIKV was then identified from Suriname (Enfissi et al, 2016b) in South America, and on other Pacific Islands including French Polynesia (Berthet et al, 2014;Cao-Lormeau et al, 2014;Hancock et al, 2014), Easter Island of Chile (Tognarelli et al, 2015), the Cook Islands (Roth et al, 2014), and New Caledonia (Roth et al, 2014;Dupont-Rouzeyrol et al, 2015). Imported cases were also identified in countries of the Americas and Europe (Foy et al, 2011;Waehre et al, 2014;Zammarchi et al, 2015;Kindhauser et al, 2016). Until March 2016, a total of 10 imported infectious cases had been diagnosed in China.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic analysis revealed the central roles of two African countries in the evolution and worldwide spread of Zika virus

et al. 2016

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Recent outbreaks of Zika virus (ZIKV) infections inOceania's islands and the Americas were characterized by high numbers of cases and the spread of the virus to new areas. To better understand the origin of ZIKV, its epidemic history was reviewed. Although the available records and information are limited, two major genetic lineages of ZIKV were identified in previous studies. However, in this study, three lineages were identified based on a phylogenetic analysis of all virus sequences from GenBank, including those of the envelope protein (E) and non-structural protein 5 (NS5) coding regions. The spatial and temporal distributions of the three identified ZIKV lineages and the recombination events and mechanisms underlying their divergence and evolution were further elaborated. The potential migration pathway of ZIKV was also characterized. Our findings revealed the central roles of two African countries, Senegal and Cote d'Ivoire, in ZIKV evolution and genotypic divergence. Furthermore, our results suggested that the outbreaks in Asia and the Pacific islands originated from Africa. The results provide insights into the geographic origins of ZIKV outbreaks and the spread of the virus, and also contribute to a better understanding of ZIKV evolution, which is important for the prevention and control of ZIKV infections.

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“…This most recent information demonstrates the extraordinary capacity of ZIKV to rapidly spread to non-endemic areas throughout the world where the mosquito vector is present (154). …”

Section: Reported Casesmentioning

confidence: 87%

Global epidemiology of Zika and Chikungunya virus human infections

et al. 2017

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Zika virus was discovered in 1947. The first reported case of Zika fever was in a sentinel rhesus monkey in Uganda in 1947, while the first human cases were reported in Nigeria in 1954. Since the first evidence of human infection, Zika was active in several countries in Africa and Asia, as sporadic cases and serological evidence of Zika human infections have been demonstrated in several reports. The outbreak of Zika in Yap Island in 2007 is considered the first emergency of this infection. Since then Zika has spread worldwide with a large ongoing epidemic in South and Central America. A huge concern nowadays is about the relationship between Zika infection and microcephaly and about the sexual transmission of the virus. The first identified outbreak of Chikungunya human infection, with an incidence estimated at 23%, was reported from July 1952 to March 1953 in the Southern Province of the current Tanzania. Since then Chikungunya circulated mainly in continental Africa with limited outbreaks. The virus started to spread east bound involving most of the areas surroundings the Indian Ocean. In 2004/2005 a large outbreak developed in La Reunion a French territory in the Indian Ocean: from this point Chikungunya spread to India and from there, due a viraemic traveller returning from Kerala, to Italy where in the summer of 2007 the first outbreak with local viral transmission in a temperate climate zone occurred. In the following years Chikungunya moved to the Caribbean and South America. Recently also the USA experienced the spread of this virus and a limited outbreak based again on local spreading occurred in the French Department of Var, in August 2017.

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Zika virus infections imported to Italy: Clinical, immunological and virological findings, and public health implications

Cited by 167 publications

References 26 publications

Zika virus disease: a current review of the literature

Zika virus disease: a current review of the literature

Phylogenetic analysis revealed the central roles of two African countries in the evolution and worldwide spread of Zika virus

Global epidemiology of Zika and Chikungunya virus human infections

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