Zika puzzle in Brazil: peculiar conditions of viral introduction and dissemination - A Review

Possas, Cristina; Brasil, Patrícia; Marzochi, Mauro Ca; Tanuri, Amílcar; Martins, Reinaldo de Menezes; Marques, Ernesto T. A.; Bonaldo, Myrna C.; Ferreira, Antonio Gp; Lourenço‐de‐Oliveira, Ricardo; Nogueira, Rita Maria Ribeiro; Sequeira, Patrícia Carvalho de; Marzochi, Keyla Belízia Feldman; Homma, Akira

doi:10.1590/0074-02760160510

Cited by 37 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 53 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Micronesia and then in French Polynesia in 2013-2014, and after affecting most of the South Pacific islands, the virus was eventually detected in the Americas in 2015 [1][2][3][4]. The increased number of infections in humans included cases with unusually severe symptoms such as Guillain-Barr e syndrome and developmental abnormalities in newborns that are now described as congenital Zika syndrome [5][6][7][8]. As there are currently no licensed vaccines or specific therapies, the only way to interrupt ZIKV transmission is by controlling mosquito populations [9].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes do not support replication of Zika virus

Lourenço‐de‐Oliveira

Marques

Sreenu

et al. 2018

Journal of General Virology

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The rapid spread of Zika virus (ZIKV) in the Americas raised many questions about the role of Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes in transmission, in addition to the key role played by the vector Aedes aegypti. Here we analysed the competence of Cx. quinquefasciatus (with or without Wolbachia endosymbionts) for a ZIKV isolate. We also examined the induction of RNA interference pathways after viral challenge and the production of small virus-derived RNAs. We did not observe any infection nor such small virus-derived RNAs, regardless of the presence or absence of Wolbachia. Thus, Cx. quinquefasciatus does not support ZIKV replication and Wolbachia is not involved in producing this phenotype. In short, these mosquitoes are very unlikely to play a role in transmission of ZIKV. Micronesia and then in French Polynesia in 2013-2014, and after affecting most of the South Pacific islands, the virus was eventually detected in the Americas in 2015 [1][2][3][4]. The increased number of infections in humans included cases with unusually severe symptoms such as Guillain-Barr e syndrome and developmental abnormalities in newborns that are now described as congenital Zika syndrome [5][6][7][8]. As there are currently no licensed vaccines or specific therapies, the only way to interrupt ZIKV transmission is by controlling mosquito populations [9]. An enzootic cycle limited to Africa and Asia with occasional spillover events has been described [10,11]. In the current outbreak in the Americas, ZIKV is believed to be mainly transmitted by the human-biting mosquito Aedes aegypti [12,13]. Whether a similar enzootic cycle in the Americas can be established is not known and it has been suggested that such a process would make eradication efforts 'practically impossible' [14]. Experimental infections with the epidemic ZIKV genotypes demonstrated that populations of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes, which are associated with a risk of local transmission [15] as well other aedine species were heterogeneously and weakly competent for transmission [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. Therefore, the potential role of other anthropophilic mosquitoes in the ZIKV outbreak raised a question which took time to be addressed [26]. Culex quinquefasciatus Say is an opportunistic blood feeder predominant in urban settings throughout the tropics where it is frequently the most annoying biting pest to humans [27]. This night-active mosquito is also the vector of many pathogens including arboviruses such as West Nile and St. Louis encephalitis viruses [28], which belong to the genus Flavivirus of the family Flaviviridae and are related to ZIKV. Both Cx. quinquefasciatus and Culex pipiens (from temperate regions) mosquitoes of the Cx. pipiens complex were not able to experimentally transmit ZIKV and no viral particles were detected in mosquito saliva up to 21 days after exposure to an infectious blood meal [17-20, 25, 29-36], though different results were recorded with other Cx. quinquefasciatus strains [37,38]. Even after injection o...

show abstract

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes do not support replication of Zika virus

Lourenço‐de‐Oliveira

Marques

Sreenu

et al. 2018

Journal of General Virology

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…There are many pieces of evidence for the close relationship between the GBS and ZIKV infection [4,12]. Some other neurologic complications such as meningoencephalitis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, acute myelitis, and transverse myelitis have been reported during ZIKV infection [12,[48][49][50].…”

Section: Clinical Features and Differential Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The US National Institute of Health (NIH) has a program that aims to develop a broad-spectrum antiviral drug against all flaviviruses such as dengue and yellow fever [12]. Sixty antiviral drugs were investigated, and 15 of them were found to be active against ZIKV [60].…”

Section: Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies concerning the development of vaccines should progress faster in order to meet public needs [12]. …”

Section: Personal Protectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From 2015 to 2016, the number of reports on microcephaly increased by up to 20 times and reached 5,400 cases [12,13]. After the first report suggested an association between Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and ZIKV, health authorities in Brazil became aware of a similar relationship because of the 29.8% increase in the number of GBS cases from 2014 to 2015 [12][13][14]. A recent report has suggested that the incidence of brain anomalies increased by 20 times during ZIKV outbreaks (between January 2015 and September 2016) in America too [15].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Global Alert: Zika Virus-an Emerging Arbovirus

Özkurt¹,

Tanrıverdi²

2017

Eurasian J Med

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arbovirus of the Flavivirus genus, and it has an envelope and a single RNA molecule. In early 2016, the World Health Organization declared ZIKV infection to be an emerging global health threat. The major transmission route of the virus to humans is Aedes mosquitoes. ZIKV can be transmitted between humans by transplacental, perinatal, and sexual routes and via blood and body fluids. ZIKV infection usually results in a mild and self-limiting disease with low-grade fever, conjunctivitis, and periorbital edema. Neurological complications such as Guillain-Barré syndrome, meningoencephalitis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, acute myelitis, and transverse myelitis have been reported during ZIKV infection. Intrauterine and congenital ZIKV infections have strong teratogenic effects on the fetus. Intrauterine or congenital ZIKV infection can lead to microcephaly, ocular anomalies (such as macular atrophy, pigment mottling, and optic nerve anomalies), and cardiac anomalies (such as atrial or ventricular septal defect). Calcification in the brain between the cortical and subcortical areas, ventriculomegaly, cerebellar hypoplasia, corpus callosum hypoplasia, cortical/subcortical atrophy, delayed myelination, enlarged cisterna magna, and craniofacial disproportion have been reported as brain development defects. ZIKV infection usually results in a mild disease, and it does not require specific therapy. However, complications of infection during the early period of life are serious. Thus, many drugs have been investigated, and vaccine development studies have been conducted to prevent ZIKV infection. Vector control and personal protection from mosquito-borne transmission are important for decreasing the prevalence of ZIKV infection. In particular, pregnant residents or travelers to endemic areas should be carefully protected against mosquito-borne transmission.Keywords: Zika virus, Flavivirus, microcephaly, Guillain-Barré Syndrome, aedes, arbovirus ÖZ Zika virus (ZIKV), Flavivirus ailesinden sivrisineklerle bulaşan zarflı ve tek sarmallı RNA'ya sahip bir arbovirusdur. 2016 yılı başında Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (DSÖ) ZIKV enfeksiyonunun giderek önemi artan bir küresel tehdit olduğunu açıklamıştır. Virusun insanlara esas geçiş yolu Aedes tipi sivrisineklerin ısırmasıdır. İnsanlar arasında transplasental, perinatal, cinsel yolla, ayrıca kan ve vücut sıvıları aracılığı ile bulaşır. ZIKV enfeksiyonu genellikle hafif ve kendini sınırlandıran hastalık olup, düşük derecede ateş, konjuktivit ve periorbital ödem ile seyreder. ZIKV enfeksiyonu esnasında Guillain-Barre sendromu, meningoensefalit, akut dissemine ensefalomyelit (ADEM), akut myelit, transvers myelit gibi nörolojik komplikasyonlar rapor edilmiştir. Intrauterin ve konjenital ZIKV enfeksiyonu fetus üzerinde ağır teratojenik etkiye sahiptir. İntrauterin enfeksiyon mikrosefali, oküler anomaliler (maküler atrofi, pigment beneklenmesi ve optik sinir anomalileri gibi) ve kardiyak anomalilere (atrial veya ventriküler septal defekt gibi) yol açabilir. ...

show abstract

Zika Virus

Harper¹,

Litaker²,

Logan³

2018

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Zika virus is closely related to the viruses causing yellow fever, West Nile or Dengue fever and, similar to them, is an arbovirus, actively transmitted by mosquito vectors. Sexual transmission between humans also occurs. Zika virus was not associated with serious human disease until after its arrival in the Americas. Since 2015 it has been associated with a range of pathologies. The most significant is congenital Zika syndrome, marked by foetal microcephaly. The number of Zika infections has fallen since 2016. Confirmed infections in the Americas total over 200 000 cases, with more than 50% of these in Brazil. Deaths are rare, and congenital effects have been the major concern, particularly in Brazil, where more than 80% of such cases have occurred. The reasons for this high rate are unclear, although poverty is often cited as a likely contributor. Eighty‐four countries or territories worldwide have had evidence of mosquito‐borne Zika virus transmission. Relatively small numbers of infections have been reported in the United States, with transmission restricted to the far south of Texas and Florida. There is no vaccine or antiviral drug effective against Zika. The best preventive measures as of 2017 involve controlling or avoiding the vector mosquitoes. Key Concepts Zika virus is a Flavivirus with an RNA genome, related to other viruses such as yellow fever, West Nile and Dengue fever. The virus was identified in Africa in 1947 and exists as two broad lineages, African and Asian. The virus is an arbovirus (arthropod‐borne virus), spread by bites from vector mosquitoes of the genus Aedes , although direct person to person transmission also occurs. Historically, most people infected with Zika did not develop symptoms, and even when they did these were relatively mild. Until 2007, Zika virus infection was restricted to an equatorial belt in Africa and Asia, but in 2015, the Asian form of Zika was identified in Brazil, the first time it was seen in the Americas. By the end of 2016, more than 100 000 confirmed cases had occurred in Brazil. Later in 2015, Zika infection was associated with severe forms of microcephaly in newborns, predominantly in the northeast of Brazil. Zika infection has also been associated with the autoimmune‐mediated Guillain–Barré syndrome. In 2017, numbers of infections in the Americas have dropped sharply, but the virus continues to spread, with mosquito‐borne infections seen in 84 countries and territories around the world. There is no vaccine or therapeutic drug for Zika virus, although clinical trials are proceeding. The best strategy at present is to control mosquitoes and avoid mosquito bites. Future control approaches need to be informed by effective public health surveillance to support both analysis and response.

show abstract

Zika puzzle in Brazil: peculiar conditions of viral introduction and dissemination - A Review

Cited by 37 publications

References 53 publications

Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes do not support replication of Zika virus

Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes do not support replication of Zika virus

Global Alert: Zika Virus-an Emerging Arbovirus

Zika Virus

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About