Zero-rating arrangements of mobile Internet access service providers – An analysis of main factors shaping the need for regulatory interventions

The past, present, and future of (net) neutrality: A state of knowledge review and research agenda

“…Zero-rating and sponsored zero-rating already represent a form of network management of ISPs (Easley et al, 2018). ISPs often rely on “throttling” in order to counterbalance the negative effect of increased demand for zero-rated content and services on network congestion and to manage the traffic of data-intensive CSPs (Krämer and Peitz, 2018; Gerpott, 2018). Furthermore, ISPs may profit from zero-rating by smoothing the overall demand pattern in their networks, thus eliminating high fluctuations in overall network use (Krämer and Peitz, 2018; Frieden, 2017; Gautier and Somogyi, 2018).…”

“…Since CSPs are not charged for participating in zero-rating programs, lower barriers to entry for zero-rating programs are assumed to correspond to smaller distortions of CSP competition (Gerpott, 2018; Stallman and Adams, 2016). In contrast, sponsored zero-rating allows an ISP to establish itself as a platform provider (Armstrong, 2006; Caillaud and Jullien, 2003; Rochet and Tirole, 2003; Rochet and Tirole, 2006; Rysman, 2009) acting as an intermediary in a two-sided market (Cho et al, 2016; Qiu et al, 2017; Jullien and Sand-Zantman, 2018; Gautier and Somogyi, 2018; Jeitschko et al, 2021).…”

An Institutional Analysis of TMP Regulation in India

“…There has been a relevant but distinct body of literature (Frieden, 2018;Gerpott, 2018;Jaunaux & Lebourges, 2019;Jordan, 2017;Krämer & Peitz, 2018) specifically on zero rating. Zero rating is defined as an institutional arrangement between a CP and an ISP "that allows end-users to access certain content free of charge for the corresponding data consumption" (Krämer & Peitz, 2018, p. 501).…”