We have developed a three-component system for microbial identification that consists of (i) a universal syringe-operated silica minicolumn for successive DNA and RNA isolation, fractionation, fragmentation, fluorescent labeling, and removal of excess free label and short oligonucleotides; (ii) microarrays of immobilized oligonucleotide probes for 16S rRNA identification; and (iii) a portable battery-powered device for imaging the hybridization of fluorescently labeled RNA fragments with the arrays. The minicolumn combines a guanidine thiocyanate method of nucleic acid isolation with a newly developed hydroxyl radical-based technique for DNA and RNA labeling and fragmentation. DNA and RNA can also be fractionated through differential binding of double-and single-stranded forms of nucleic acids to the silica. The procedure involves sequential washing of the column with different solutions. No vacuum filtration steps, phenol extraction, or centrifugation is required. After hybridization, the overall fluorescence pattern is captured as a digital image or as a Polaroid photo. This three-component system was used to discriminate Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus thuringiensis, and human HL60 cells. The procedure is rapid: beginning with whole cells, it takes approximately 25 min to obtain labeled DNA and RNA samples and an additional 25 min to hybridize and acquire the microarray image using a stationary image analysis system or the portable imager.Traditional methods of bacterial identification are usually based on morphological and/or physiological features of a microorganism or on analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences (59). These methods can require considerable amounts of time. Recently, PCR and other amplification technologies were introduced for bacterial identification (33). Immunological methods (16) and mass spectrometry (18) have also been adapted for this purpose but are expensive or cumbersome. DNA microchip technology (37) advantageously combines a rapid, highthroughput platform for nucleic acid hybridization with low cost and the potential for automation, although sample preparation procedures, including DNA and RNA isolation, fragmentation, and labeling, are still limiting steps (32,44). Another limitation of microarray technology is the lack of portable and inexpensive devices for the acquisition of hybridization patterns (5). We have addressed these shortcomings through the development of a rapid and simple system for sample preparation and microarray analysis.
MATERIALS AND METHODSPreparation of silica syringe-operated columns. A silica suspension (50 l) was prepared as described previously (4) and loaded into a 25-mm-long sterile centrifuge device containing a polysulfone filter with a diameter of 6.5 mm and a pore size of 0.2 m (Whatman, Fairfield, N.J.). The column was sealed against the end of a 10-ml syringe without any glue, using the O-ring from a 1.5-ml screw-cap microcentrifuge tube introduced between the syringe and the top of the column, and washed once with 500 l of diethylpyro...