Zeolite-promoted transformation of glucose into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in ionic liquid

One-pot conversion of furfural to useful bio-products in the presence of a Sn,Al-containing zeolite beta catalyst prepared via post-synthesis routes

“…Zeolite beta and its modified versions are known to be effective catalysts for several reactions concerning the valorisation of biomass, e.g. corn fiber to Fur [38]; levuglucosan (an intermediate of (hemi)cellulose pyrolysis) to glucose [39] or Fur [40]; saccharides to Fur [41,42], 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF) [42][43][44][45][46][47], or LEs [48,49]; cellulose and hemicelluloses to diesel [50]; hemicelluloses to polyols [51]; C-3 sugar to methyl lactate and lactic acid [52]; FA to 2-(ethoxymethyl)furfural (EMF) and ethyl levulinate (EL) [53]; biodegradable surfactants via acetalisation [54] or etherification of HMF [55]; Fur to GVL [4]; pyrolysis of biomass or derived compounds to aromatic/aliphatic 4 hydrocarbons [56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66]; sugarcane bagasse to bio-oil and upgrading to fuel [67]; co-conversion of biogenic waste and vegetable oil [68]; and pyrolysis of organosolv lignin to phenolic compounds [69,70]. The introduction of different elements into zeolite beta widens its catalytic potential.…”

Progress in the Development of Mesoporous Solid Acid and Base Catalysts for Converting Carbohydrates into Platform Chemicals

“…However, it should be borne in mind that the microporous nature of zeolites makes them prone to diffusional limitation in liquid-phase reactions as well as being unstable in hydrothermal conditions. Liu et al [ 106 ] investigated the activities of various commercial zeolite catalysts, including HY-zeolite, H-mordenite, Hβ-zeolite, and HZSM-5, for the conversion of glucose to HMF in ionic liquid ([BMIM]Cl) system. Hβ-zeolite with Si/Al ratio of 25 exhibited the best catalytic activity among above zeolites.…”

“…[ 106 ], with kind permission from Elsevier) phenolic -OH functional groups originating from the oxygen-containing functional groups in the biomass precursors and H 2 SO 4 . While the densities of -COOH and phenolic -OH functional groups were found to be much higher than -SO 3 H on the solid catalysts, these carbonaceous catalysts were found to be more active for the production of HMF than conventional solid acid catalysts, such as HZSM-5, SO 4 2− / TiO 2 -ZrO 2 , Amberlyst-15, and even H 2 SO 4 ( …”

Chemocatalytic hydrolysis of cellulose into glucose over solid acid catalysts

“…In recent years, the selective transformation of cellulose into a variety of high-value chemicals and high-quality fuels (Scheme 1) has been becoming one of the most interesting and attractive issues in the field of biorefinery [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. However, it should be pointed out that the hydrolysis of cellulose into glucose is the starting point and entry point of biorefinery [35][36][37][38][39], which is crucial to the whole selective transformation chain.…”