2022
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07679-2
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Zeolite-based monoliths for water softening by ion exchange/precipitation process

Abstract: In this work, the design of a monolithic softener obtained by geopolymer gel conversion is proposed. The softener used consists in a geopolymeric macroporous matrix functionalized by the co-crystallization of zeolite A and X in mixture. The dual nature of the proposed material promotes a softening process based on the synergistic effect of cation exchange and alkaline precipitation. A softening capacity of 90% and 54% for Ca2+ and Mg2+ respectively was attained in 24 h. In fact, the softener reported a Cation … Show more

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Cited by 20 publications
(7 citation statements)
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References 36 publications
(31 reference statements)
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“…The crystallinity of the zeolitic filler after dispersion within PU matrices was checked through X‐ray diffraction, using a Panalytical X’Pert Pro diffractometer (Malvern Analytical, Malvern, UK) equipped with PixCel 1D detector (operative conditions: CuK α 1/K α 2 radiation, 40 kV, 40 mA, 2 θ range from 5 to 50°, step size 0.0131°2 θ , counting time 40 s step −1 ). [ 46 ]…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…The crystallinity of the zeolitic filler after dispersion within PU matrices was checked through X‐ray diffraction, using a Panalytical X’Pert Pro diffractometer (Malvern Analytical, Malvern, UK) equipped with PixCel 1D detector (operative conditions: CuK α 1/K α 2 radiation, 40 kV, 40 mA, 2 θ range from 5 to 50°, step size 0.0131°2 θ , counting time 40 s step −1 ). [ 46 ]…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Arodur 460.9 methyl diphenyl di-isocyanate (MDI, NCO content = 30.5-31.5%, viscosity in the range of 170-210 mPa s at 25 °C) was supplied by Pozzi Arosio (Italy). Zeolite 4A (CAS n°70 955-01-0, Sigma Aldrich, Italy), whose chemical composition was reported elsewhere, [43,44] consisting of particles with [45] size in the range of 0.5-5 μm, [46] was used as filler.…”
Section: Materials and Chemicalsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Because these ions are free to move, the ion exchange that occurs depends on the size and charge, as well as the type of zeolite. The properties of zeolite as an ion exchanger depend on the type of cation, temperature, and type of anion [56].…”
Section: Ion Exchangementioning
confidence: 99%
“…Materials exhibiting a ratio greater than 3 are categorised as high silica zeolites or zeolite Y. These high silica zeolites have good physical and chemical stability as well as hydrophobicity [41] . When the ratio is less than 3, it is called zeolite X or low-silica zeolites.…”
Section: A Historical Overview Of Quantum Dots Within Microporous Str...mentioning
confidence: 99%