Zeolite-based hemostat QuikClot releases calcium into blood and promotes blood coagulation in vitro

Abstract

Aim: To examine the changes in electrolyte concentrations after addition of zeolite-based hemostat QuikClot in blood and the effects of zeolite on blood coagulation in vitro. Methods: Fresh blood was taken from healthy adult volunteers and sheep, and the electrolyte concentrations in blood were measured using a blood electrolyte analyzer. Zeolite Saline Solution (ZSS) was prepared by addition of 2 g zeolite to 0.9% NaCl solution (4, 8, or 16 mL). The electrolytes in ZSS were measured using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. The prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) of blood were measured using the test tube method. The activated clotting time (ACT) and clotting rate (CR) of blood were measured with Sonoclot Coagulation and Platelet Function Analyzer. Results: Addition of zeolite (50 and 100 mg) in 2 mL human blood significantly increased Ca 2+ concentration, while Na + and K + concentrations were significantly decreased. Addition of zeolite (50 and 100 mg) in 0.9% NaCl solution (2 mL) caused similar changes in Ca 2+ and Na + concentrations. Si 4+ (0.2434 g/L) and Al 3+ (0.2575 g/L) were detected in ZSS (2 g/8 mL). Addition of ZSS in sheep blood shortened APTT in a concentration dependent manner, without changing PT. ZSS or aqueous solution of CaCl 2 that contained Ca 2+ concentration identical to that of ZSS significantly shortened ACT in human blood without significantly changing CR, and the effect of ZSS on ACT was not significantly different from that of CaCl 2 . Conclusion: Zeolite releases Ca 2+ into blood, thus accelerating the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation and shortening the clot formation time.

Response of the coagulation system after application of hemostatic dressings in an animal model

“…Similarly to PT and APTT, TT was also initially prolonged, and it decreased over time. The TT test measures the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, which is determined by the presence and activity of thrombin inhibitors and by fibrinogen concentrations (Li et al 2013). In this experiment, fibrinogen concentrations increased in all samples and at all-time intervals between sample collection and analysis; this could be attributed to the observed rise in fibrinogen levels.…”

Astragaloside IV Inhibits Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis Mediated by Mitochondrial Apoptotic Pathway <i>via</i> Activating the PI3K/Akt Pathway

“…19,20) In addition to these mitochondrial protective effects, AS-IV has also been shown to protect against cardiomyocyte apoptosis. 21,22) Taken together, these lines of evidence suggest that AS-IV may possess a mitochondria-targeted anti-apoptotic effect.…”

Safety of the long-term application of QuikClot Combat Gauze, ChitoGauze PRO and Celox Gauze in a femoral artery injury model in swine – a preliminary study

“…Local cytotoxicity of old generation hemostatic agents treated with smectite or zeolite has been observed in many studies (Wright et al 2004, Gerlach et al 2010, Kheirabadi et al 2010, Li et al 2013). However, there are no previous reports on the distant toxic effect of the hemostatic dressing.…”

“…Zeolite is a very effective water-absorbing aluminosilicate that acts via a non-chemical reaction. At the site of bleeding, zeolite effectively concentrates platelets and clotting factors, but it also releases Ca 2+ into the blood, which accelerates the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation and shortens the clot formation time (Li et al 2013). However, upon contact with blood, zeolite causes an exothermic reaction, which damages the surrounding tissue (Wright et al 2004, Li et al 2013).…”

“…At the site of bleeding, zeolite effectively concentrates platelets and clotting factors, but it also releases Ca 2+ into the blood, which accelerates the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation and shortens the clot formation time (Li et al 2013). However, upon contact with blood, zeolite causes an exothermic reaction, which damages the surrounding tissue (Wright et al 2004, Li et al 2013). Therefore, due to the high risk of tissue injury and microemboli formation, zeolite hemostatic dressings were removed from the United States military inventory (Gegel et al 2012).…”