Zebularine treatment is associated with deletion of <i>FT</i>‐<i>B1</i> leading to an increase in spikelet number in bread wheat

Finnegan, E. Jean; Ford, Brett; Wallace, Xiaomei; Pettolino, Filomena; Griffin, Patrick; Schmitz, Robert J.; Zhang, Peng; Barrero, José M.; Hayden, Matthew; Boden, Scott A.; Cavanagh, Colin; Swain, Stephen M.; Trevaskis, Ben

doi:10.1111/pce.13164

Cited by 41 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…Similarly, in spring wheat, warmer ambient temperatures either reduce expression of FT1 or do not significantly affect FT1 transcript levels ( Kiss et al , 2017 ; Dixon et al , 2018 ). Genetic experiments further support FT1 -independent temperature responsiveness of flowering, with ft-b1 mutants flowering faster at 24 °C than at 20 °C, as does the wild type ( Dixon et al , 2018 ; Finnegan et al , 2018 ). Moreover, high FT1 transcript levels in lines containing daylength-insensitive alleles of Ppd-1 do not induce rapid early reproductive development at high temperatures in short days ( Hemming et al , 2012 ).…”

Section: Molecular Mechanisms Influencing Responses To Temperaturementioning

confidence: 78%

Feeling the heat: developmental and molecular responses of wheat and barley to high ambient temperatures

Jacott

Boden

2020

Journal of Experimental Botany

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The increasing demand for global food security in the face of a warming climate is leading researchers to investigate the physiological and molecular responses of cereals to rising ambient temperatures. Wheat and barley are temperate cereals whose yields are adversely affected by high ambient temperatures, with each 1 °C increase above optimum temperatures reducing productivity by 5–6%. Reproductive development is vulnerable to high-temperature stress, which reduces yields by decreasing grain number and/or size and weight. In recent years, analysis of early inflorescence development and genetic pathways that control the vegetative to floral transition have elucidated molecular processes that respond to rising temperatures, including those involved in the vernalization- and photoperiod-dependent control of flowering. In comparison, our understanding of genes that underpin thermal responses during later developmental stages remains poorly understood, thus highlighting a key area for future research. This review outlines the responses of developmental genes to warmer conditions and summarizes our knowledge of the reproductive traits of wheat and barley influenced by high temperatures. We explore ways in which recent advances in wheat and barley research capabilities could help identify genes that underpin responses to rising temperatures, and how improved knowledge of the genetic regulation of reproduction and plant architecture could be used to develop thermally resilient cultivars.

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Section: Molecular Mechanisms Influencing Responses To Temperaturementioning

confidence: 78%

Feeling the heat: developmental and molecular responses of wheat and barley to high ambient temperatures

Jacott

Boden

2020

Journal of Experimental Botany

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“…In an apomictic clonal lineage of Taraxacum officinale, heritable differences of flowering time were found to be the consequence of the DNA methylation variation 48 . Transiently disrupting DNA methylation of the floral promoter induced late flowering behavior in bread wheat 49 . Using the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor Zebularine or 5-Azacytidine, flowering-related genes were activated by DNA demethylation in favor of earlier flowering in Pharbitis nil 50 and Linum usitatissimum 51 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

DNA methylome and transcriptome landscapes revealed differential characteristics of dioecious flowers in papaya

et al. 2020

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Separate sexes in dioecious plants display different morphology and physiological characteristics. The differences between the two sexes lie in their highly differentiated floral characteristics and in sex-related phenotype, which is genetically determined and epigenetically modified. In dioecious papaya (Carica papaya L.), global comparisons of epigenetic DNA methylation and gene expressions were still limited. We conducted bisulfite sequencing of early-stage flowers grown in three seasons (spring, summer and winter) and compared their methylome and transcriptome profiles to investigate the differential characteristics of male and female in papaya. Methylation variances between female and male papaya were conserved among three different seasons. However, combined genome-scale transcriptomic evidence revealed that most methylation variances did not have influence on the expression profiles of neighboring genes, and the differentially expressed genes were most overrepresented in phytohormone signal transduction pathways. Further analyses showed diverse stress-responsive methylation alteration in male and female flowers. Male flower methylation was more responsive to stress whereas female flower methylation varied less under stress. Early flowering of male papaya in spring might be associated with the variation in the transcription of CpSVP and CpAP1 coinciding with their gene-specific hypomethylation. These findings provide insights into the sex-specific DNA methylation and gene expression landscapes of dioecious papaya and a foundation to investigate the correlation between differentiated floral characteristics and their candidate genes.

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“…However, delaying the time necessary to reach the terminal spikelet stage, as in ppd-1 mutant lines did not significantly influence spikelet number. Previous work had shown that FT1, FT2, and Earliness per se (Eps) genes may increase spikelet number by extending the duration of spikelet primordia initiation (Lewis et al, 2008;Finnegan et al, 2018;Shaw et al, 2019). Here, our work suggests that increasing the duration of spikelet primordia initiation with loss of function ppd-A1B1D1 alleles will not necessarily improve spikelet number.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

Ppd-1Remodels Spike Architecture by Regulating Floral Development in wheat

Liu

Zhang

Melzer

et al. 2020

Preprint

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The determination of spike architecture is critical to grain yield in wheat (Triticum aestivum), yet the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we measured 51 traits associated with spike architecture and floral development in 197 wheat accessions with photoperiod sensitive and insensitive alleles. We included five distinct allele combinations at the Photoperiod-1 (Ppd-1) loci. A systematic dissection of all recorded phenotypes revealed connections between floral development, spike architecture and grain yield. Modifying the durations of spikelet primordia initiation did not necessarily affect spikelet number. In addition, Ppd-1 loci clearly influenced rachis dry weight, pointing to the rachis vascular system as a potential target for higher yield. Ppd-1 displayed opposite effects on the durations of pre and post-anthesis phases. Ppd-1 controlled carpel size, but not anther size. Finally, the photoperiod-insensitive alleles of Ppd-1 triggered floral degeneration. In parallel, we profiled the spike transcriptome at six stages and four positions in three Ppd-1 genotypes which consists of 234 samples. Integrating phenotypic and expression data suggested that loss of function in Ppd-1 loci delayed floral degeneration by regulating autophagy and extended floret development by regulating genes in different families. Therefore, we concluded that Ppd-1 remodels spike architecture by regulating floral development in wheat. Appleyard, 1987). During WA stage, the meristematic dome initiates 7-9 floret primordia within each individual spikelet (1-3 primordia fewer than the maximum number) (Kirby and Appleyard, 1987). The lemmas of florets 1 and 2 at the base of the spikelet completely enclose the anther and ovary (Kirby and Appleyard, 1987). At the GA stage, the meristematic dome completes the initiation of floret primordia, so that after this stage no more floret primordia will be produced ; the glumes almost completely cover all but the tips of the florets. The spike length peaks at the YA stage (Guo et al., 2018); glumes are fully formed, and the lemmas of the first three florets are visible. At the TP stage, the first awn is visible (Zadoks et al., 1974), at HD stage, half of the spike emerges from the last leaf blade (Zadoks et al., 1974). Finally, at the AN stage, yellow anthers appear along the spike (Zadoks et al., 1974).Spike architecture is a complicated trait, that is determined by multiple factors. Spike fertility index (i.e. the ratio between grain number per spike and weight of spike chaff) is a critical metric of assimilate distribution between grains and spike chaff (e.g. glume, lemma, palea, rachis). Grain number per spikelet along the main inflorescence also influences spike shape. Spikelet density (the ratio between spike length and spikelet number) also indicates spike compactness. Spikelet fertility (the ratio between fertile and total spikelet number) informs on the proportion of aborted spikelets. In addition, grain size traits (thousand-kernel weight-TKW, grain area, grain width, grain le...

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Zebularine treatment is associated with deletion of FT‐B1 leading to an increase in spikelet number in bread wheat

Cited by 41 publications

References 89 publications

Feeling the heat: developmental and molecular responses of wheat and barley to high ambient temperatures

Feeling the heat: developmental and molecular responses of wheat and barley to high ambient temperatures

DNA methylome and transcriptome landscapes revealed differential characteristics of dioecious flowers in papaya

Ppd-1Remodels Spike Architecture by Regulating Floral Development in wheat

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