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Abstract

Nutritional support has become a routine part of the care of the critically ill patient. It is an adjunctive therapy, the main goal of which is to attenuate the development of malnutrition, yet the effectiveness of nutritional support is often thwarted by an underlying hostile metabolic milieu. This requires that these metabolic changes be taken into consideration when designing nutritional regimens for such patients. There is also a need to conduct large, multi-center studies to acquire more knowledge of the cost-benefit and cost effectiveness of nutritional support in the critically ill.

Anti-obesity Effects of Juniperus chinensis Extract Are Associated with Increased AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Expression and Phosphorylation in the Visceral Adipose Tissue of Rats

“…This overall lipid synthetic process is called lipogenesis. 7) In this study, prolonged HFD consumption did not increase, but rather decreased, the mRNA levels of various genes involved in adipogenesis, such as PPARg2, aP2, SREBP1c, FAS, and an enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step of cholesterol biosynthesis, HMGR, in the visceral adipose tissue of rats. These results correspond to the previous observation that the expressions of adipogenesis-related genes, including PPARg, SREBP1c, and their target genes (FAS and ACC), decreased in the adipose tissue of a longterm high-fat-diet-fed dog 28) or ob/ob mice 29,30) compared with their lean controls.…”

“…6) Differentiated adipocytes store fatty acids in the form of triglycerides in their cytoplasm, with the involvement of various enzymes such as strearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 and fatty acid synthase (FAS). 7) AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) stimulates the pathways that increase energy production such as glucose transport and fatty acid oxidation, and switches off the pathways that consume energy such as lipogenesis, protein synthesis, and gluconeogenesis. 8) The uncoupling proteins (UCPs), present in the mitochondrial inner membrane, mediate a controlled discharge of the proton gradient that is produced by the respiratory chain.…”

Sechium edule Shoot Extracts and Active Components Improve Obesity and a Fatty Liver That Involved Reducing Hepatic Lipogenesis and Adipogenesis in High-Fat-Diet-Fed Rats

“…6 TGs are synthesized in the liver, secreted into the bloodstream, and transported to the peripheral organs, including adipose tissue. 7,8 Several recent studies have demonstrated that hepatic TG availability is controlled by the balance between FAS and oxidation in the liver.…”

Model-Based Insulin and Nutrition Administration for Tight Glycaemic Control in Critical Care

“…Studies also indicate that high glucose nutritional regimes often result in excess blood glucose [7][8][9][10][11][12][13], representing another source or cause of hyperglycaemia.…”

“…However, when insulin effect saturates, effective glycaemic control may still be enabled by controlling the exogenous nutritional inputs that may otherwise be exacerbating the original problem [7][8][9][10][11][12][13].…”