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How industry peers improve your sustainable development? The role of listed firms in environmental strategies

“…To better understand the motivation of nonlisted firms to adopt environmental strategies, we also introduce expectancy theory into our analysis. As the dominant conceptual framework for understanding human motivation in work organizations (Lawler & Suttle, 1973;Oliver, 1974;Wanous, Keon, & Latack, 1983), expectancy theory is a process theory of motivation (Fudge & Schlacter, 1999) which emphasizes personal actions because of expectations. Having long been used to explain individual motivation, expectancy theory (Vroom, 1964;Wanous et al, 1983) states that motivation is a multiplicative function of three constructs: (i) effort-performance expectancy, which refers to an individual's estimate of the probability of implementation effort achieving desired organizational performance (expectancy or E) (e.g., nonlisted firms have resources and capability to achieve environmental strategies); (ii) performance-outcome expectancy, which concerns an individual's expectations that the level of performance closely ties to certain rewards he or she will receive (instrumentality or I) (e.g., implementation in environmental strategies will lead to financial success); and (iii) the degree of attractiveness of these rewards to an individual (valence or V) (e.g., financial performance is important for nonlisted firms).…”

“…Regarding environmental practices, based on expectancy theory, Kiatkawsin and Han (2017) examine the intention to behave in an environmentally friendly way at the individual level. In the literature on enterprise management, expectancy theory has also been well supported, especially in studies of decision-making (Chen, Ellis, & Suresh, 2016;Douglas & Shepherd, 2000;Fudge & Schlacter, 1999;Holland & Garrett, 2015;Purvis, Zagenczyk, & McCray, 2015;Renko, Kroeck, & Bullough, 2012).…”

Britain and Brexit: A forecast of the future of employment protection during corporate insolvency

“…128 Economic continentalism has since come to symbolize the hegemony of neo-liberalism and market-driven restructuring of the continental labour market. 129 As a result, competition with the United States continues to be a key factor in the reduction of working conditions and retrenchment of labour rights as the United States continues to be Canada's most important trading partner. 130 Thus, there is a risk of a race to the bottom of labour standards to account for their impact on the costs of production.…”

Basic Life Skills Required by Girl-Children to Overcome Adversities of Polygamy in Etsako Nigeria

“…Expectancy theory is a process theory of motivation, according to which motivation is a function of individuals' perceptions of their environment and the expectations they form based on these perceptions (Fudge & Schlacter, 1999). The central theme of expectancy theory is that an individual's behavior is a function of the degree to which the behavior is instrumental in the attainment of some outcomes, and the evaluation of these outcomes (Bin Ramli & Jusoh, 2015).…”