Untitled

Abstract

A complete set of paint probes, with each probe specific for a single type of dog chromosome, was generated by DOP-PCR amplification of flow-sorted chromosomes. These probes have been assigned to high-resolution G-banded chromosomes of the dog and Arctic fox by fluorescence in-situ hybridization. On the basis of these results we propose improved nomenclature for the G-banded karyotypes of the dog and Artic fox. A comparative map between the Arctic fox, red fox and dog has been established based on results from chromosome painting and high-resolution G-banding. This map demonstrates that the euchromatic complements of these three canid species consists of 42 conserved segments. Thirty-four of these 42 segments are each represented by a single dog chromosome with dog chromosomes 1, 13, 18 and 19 each retaining two segments, respectively. The autosomes of the Arctic fox and red fox could be reconstructed from these 42 blocks in different combinations through chromosomal fusions. Our findings suggest that chromosome fusion has been the principal mechanism of karyotype evolution occuring during speciation in canids.

Sequence comparison of prefrontal cortical brain transcriptome from a tame and an aggressive silver fox (Vulpes vulpes)

“…The dog and fox, however, have very different karyotypes, the dog having 78 mostly acrocentric chromosomes, whereas the red fox has 34 metacentric chromosomes [42,43]. The cytological relationship between the dog and fox genomes is well understood: cytogenetic methods [44-47] and alignment of the fox meiotic map against of the dog genome [34] have demonstrated that most fox chromosomes correspond to two or three canine chromosomes. The canine genome sequence assembly CanFam2 was used to localize fox sequencing reads and contigs in the dog genome.…”

Chromosomal rearrangements and karyotype evolution in carnivores revealed by chromosome painting

“…Tree topology for Carnivora is modified from Eizirik et al (2010). Published chromosome painting data for Felidae (Wienberg et al , 1997; Yang et al , 2000; Tian et al , 2004), Hyaenidae and Viverridae (Perelman et al , 2005), Herpestidae and Eupleridae (Nash et al , 2008), Canidae (Breen et al , 1999b; Yang et al , 1999, 2000; Graphodatsky et al , 2000a, 2001, 2008; Nash et al , 2001; Nie et al , 2003), Mephitidae (Perelman et al , 2008), Mustelidae (Hameister et al , 1997; Cavagna et al , 2000; Graphodatsky et al , 2000b, 2002; Nie et al , 2002), Procyonidae (Nash et al , 2008; Perelman et al , 2008), Ailuridae (Nie et al , 2002; Tian et al , 2002), Phocidae (Frönicke et al , 1997), Ursidae (Nash et al , 1998, 2001; Tian et al , 2004; Yang and Graphodatsky, 2004) and the data in this study were used for this figure. The ACK was from Murphy et al (2001a).…”

“…During the last two decades, chromosome-specific painting probes have been made for nine carnivores: the domestic cat ( Felis catus , FCA) (Wienberg et al , 1997), the domestic dog ( Canis familiaris , CFA) (Breen et al , 1999a; Yang et al , 1999; Graphodatsky et al , 2000a), the red fox ( Vulpes vulpes , VVU) (Yang et al , 1999), the Japanese raccoon dog ( Nyctereutes procyonoides , NPR) (Nash et al , 2001), the American mink ( Mustela vision , MVI) (Graphodatsky et al , 2002), the stone marten ( Martes foina , MFO) (Nie et al , 2002), the giant panda ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca , AME) (Nash et al , 1998), the striped skunk ( Mephitis mephitis , MME) and the hooded skunk ( Mephitis macroura , MMA) (Perelman et al , 2008). A series of comparative chromosome maps have been established among carnivores, and karyotypic phylogenetic relationships in different carnivore groups have been revisited by chromosome painting (Nash et al , 1998, 2001, 2008; Graphodatsky et al , 2000a, 2001, 2002, 2008; Nie et al , 2002; Tian et al , 2004; Perelman et al , 2005, 2008).…”

“…A series of comparative chromosome maps have been established among carnivores, and karyotypic phylogenetic relationships in different carnivore groups have been revisited by chromosome painting (Nash et al , 1998, 2001, 2008; Graphodatsky et al , 2000a, 2001, 2002, 2008; Nie et al , 2002; Tian et al , 2004; Perelman et al , 2005, 2008). Up to now, about 40 species representing most carnivore families have been studied by cross-species chromosome painting.…”

“…CFA painting probes have been widely used to establish comparative chromosomal maps between CFA and other canids (Yang et al , 1999; Graphodatsky et al , 2000a, 2001, 2008; Nie et al , 2003). Nevertheless, only eight species from other families were studied using CFA painting probes, including FCA (2 n =38, Yang et al , 2000), African lion ( Panthera leo , PLE, 2 n =38) and the clouded leopard ( Neofelis nebulosa , NNE, 2 n =38) (Tian et al , 2004) in Felidae; the spotted hyena ( Crocuta crocuta , CCR, 2 n =40) in Hyaenidae (Perelman et al , 2005); the masked palm civet ( Paguma larvata , PLA, 2 n =44) in Viverridae (Perelman et al , 2005); Malayan sun bear ( Helartos malayanus , HMA, 2 n =74) (Tian et al , 2004) and the spectacled bear ( Tremarctos ornatus , TOR, 2 n =50) (Yang and Graphodatsky, 2004) in Ursidae; red panda ( Ailurus fulgens , AFU, 2 n =36) in Ailuridae (Tian et al , 2002) and MVI (2 n =30) in Mustelidae (Graphodatsky et al , 2000b).…”